Biology Test: Cell Energy

What is the equation for photosynthesis? Name the products and reactants.

CO₂ + H₂O + sunlight → C₆H₁₂O_{6 +} O₂

_{reactants products}

What are the three parts of the chloroplast?

grana, stroma, thylakoid

What is the function of photosynthesis?

To store energy

Where does photosynthesis occur?

In the chloroplast

What does the Calvin Cycle do?

converts carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose

What cycle is light independent?

the Calvin Cycle

Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?

In the stroma of the chloroplast of a plant cell

What 3 factors affect photosynthesis?

Water intake, light intensity, and temperature

What is the equation for cellular respiration? Identify the products and reactants.

C₆H₁₂O_{6 +} O_{2 →} CO₂ + H₂O + ATP

reactants products

What is the function of cellular respiration?

To release energy

Where does cellular respiration take place?

the cytoplasm

What are the 3 parts of cellular respiration?

glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain

What is glycolysis?

The first phase of respiration, sugar molecules split in half to generate two molecules of ATP. (oxygen not needed)

Where does glycolysis take place?

Cytosol

What is the Krebs cycle?

release the energy stored in nutrients through acetyl-CoA oxidation, pyruvic acid broken down into CO₂

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

mitochondrial matric

What is the electron transport chain?

uses high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP to ATP

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

In eukaryotes: inner membrane of the mitochondrion

Prokaryotes: cell membrane

What is fermentation?

anaerobic respiration that produces energy by breaking down carbs without oxygen

What are the two types of fermentation?

Lactic acid and alcoholic

Where does lactic acid fermentation occur?

In the muscles of animals

Where does alcoholic fermentation occur?

In the cytosol of plants (/some species of bacteria)

When does cellular respiration occur?

When carbon dioxide is high and oxygen is low. (When photosynthesis is low, therefore when sunlight is limited)

When does photosynthesis occur?

When oxygen is high and carbon dioxide is low is commonly identifiers of photosynthesis occuring.

4 different types of organic molecules:

Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins

Why are water molecules polar?

The uneven distribution of electrons

What is adhesion?

Adhesion is an attraction between molecules of different substances

What is cohesion?

Cohesion is an attraction between molecules of the same substance

What does isotonic mean?

Meaning both sides of the cell are equal in acidity of substances

What does hypotonic mean?

The sides of a cell are not equal, referring to one side, hypotonic=lower

What does hypertonic mean?

The sides of a cell are not equal, referring to one side, hypertonic=higher