Patho Quiz 5

neoplasm

abnormal growth, appearance, and function of cells

stages of carcinogenesis

initiation- alteration in a gene or genes

promotion- relatively lengthy and reversible

progression- phases between a premalignant lesion and the development of invasive cancer

metastasis

movement of cancer cell from primary location to distance site, lymphatic or circulatory system

tumor angiogenesis

cancer need blood supply

biomarkers of cancer

PSA- biomarker for prostate cancer, taken from a blood sample

neoplasia

• new growth

• an abnormal mass of tissue

• depend on the host for their nutrition and blood supply (angiogenesis)

tumor

neoplasm

oncology

study of tumors

benign

• remain localized

• cannot spread to other sites

• local surgical removal

• sometimes responsible for serious injury

malignant

• cancer

• invade and destroy adjacent structures

• spread to distant sites (metastasize)

adenoma

benign tumor, glandular tissue, or organ

lipomas

derived from fat cells

hemangioma

collection of blood vessels skin or internal organ

nevi

noncancerous moles on the skinym

myoma

muscle tumor

carcinoma

malignant epithelial cells that line inner and outer surfaces (most common)

adenocarcinoma

cancer of the glandular or ductal tissue (females)

sarcoma

mesenchymal origin, such as connective tissue, cartilage, and bone

osteoma

• benign tumor of a bone

• osteosarcoma is malignant

chondroma

• benign tumor of cartilage

• chondrosarcoma is malignant

leukemia

cancerous change in the leukocytes

lymphoma

cancerous lymphocytes on the lymphoid tissues

-oma

benign

fibroma

bening tumor arising in fibrous tissue

adenoma

neoplasms derived from glands

papillomas

• most common benign

• epithelial neoplasms growing on any surface

polyp

mass that projects above a mucosal surface, can be malignant

sarcomas

mesenchymal tissue

fibrosarcoma

fibrous tissue

carcinomas

epithelial cell origin, most common malignant

squamous cell carcinoma

tumor cells resemble stratified squamous epithelium

poorly differentiated carcinoma

tumor grows in an undifferentiated pattern

hamartoma

mass of disorganized tissue indigenous to the particular site

ex- cartilage on the lungs, teeth in the ovaries, hemangioma

benign neoplasms

well differentiated cell

malignant neoplasms

lack of differentiation

carcinoma in situ

a preinvasive stage of cancer

most benign tumors

grow slowly

most cancers

grow much faster

benign neoplasm

• does not have the capacity to infiltrate, invade, or metastasize to distant sites

• fibrous capsule that separates them from the host tissue

• not all benign neoplasms are encapsulated

cancers

• grow by progressive infiltration, invasive, destruction, and penetration of the surrounding tissue

• do not develop well- defines capsules

• metastases and local invasiveness- distinguishes malignant from benign tumors

metastasis

• development of secondary implants

• not all cancers have equal ability to metastasize

• malignant neoplasma disseminate:

  • seeding within body cavities

  • lymphatic spread

  • hematogenous spread

female most common cancer

• breast

• lungs

males most common cancer

• prostate

• lungs

genetic damage

at the heart of carcinogenesis

classes of carcinogenic agents

• chemicals

• radiant energy

• microbial agents

viral and microbial oncogenesis

helicobactor pylori

cancer cachexia

progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass, accompanies by profound weakness, anorexia, and anemia

Paraneoplastic syndromes

symptom complexes other than cachexia that occur in patients with cancer, ADH

grading of cancer

establish some estimate of its aggressiveness or level of malignancy based on the cytologic differentiation of tumor cells

methods of staging

• TNM system

  • T- primary tumor

  • N- regional lymph node involvement

  • M- metastases

fine needle aspiration

aspiration of cells from a mss, followed by a cytologic examination of the smear

cytologic smears

method for the detection of cancer

sprain

overstretch ligament with possible tear, 3 grades

strain

overstretch of muscle or tendon

closed (complete) fracture

a fracture in which bone fragments separate completely

open (compound) fracture

fracture of the bone that protrudes to the outside of the body, huge cause of infection

incomplete fracture

a fracture in which the bone fragments are still partially joined

stress fracture

a failure of one cortical surface of the bone often caused by repetitive activity

fractures

increase risk for arterial injury

rhabdomyolysis

myoglobin accumulates in bloodstream

fat embolism

fat globules from marrow of injured bone enter circulation

avascular necrosis (AVN)

• femoral head and neck

• insufficient blood supply to bone

lumbar

low back pain- sitting all the time

ankle sprain

lateral ankle complex most at risk, inversion most common

carpal tunnel syndrome

median nerve

temporal mandibular joint (TMJ) disorder

mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerveip h

hip fracture

• femoral neck fractures

  • most common with osteoporosis - postmenopausal females

femoral shaft fracture

significant force needed

distal radius fractures

• scaphoid bone is always being affected in radius fracture

rotator cuff injury

glenohumoral joint

shoulder dislocation

• most common dislocated joint

• displacement of humerus from glenoid cavity

ulnar nerve injury

• ulnar nerve

  • superficial at the elbow’s olecranon process

unhappy triad

ACL, MCL, and meniscus injury