BIO LAB 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4 (bones of the skull, vertebrae, thoracic cage)

axial skeleton

PAIRED OR UNPAIRED skull, vertebral column, rib cage

appendicular skeleton

PAIRED bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities

what are the common bone shapes?

long, short, flat, irregular

compact bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone

spongy bone

Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone.

Osteon

structural unit of compact bone

where are the osteons scattered throughout in spongy bone?

trabeculae (flat thin plates) and spicules (rods or spines)

concentric lamellae

layers of bony matrix around a central canal

central canal

contains blood vessels and nerves

what lamellae surround the central canal?

concentric lamellae

interstitial lamellae

fill spaces between osteons

what is located in spaces between each osteon?

interstitial lamellae

circumferential lamellae

most superficial lamellae, running parallel to the bones surface surrounding the circumference

what surrounds the circumference of the bone?

circumferential lamellae

Osteocytes

mature bone cells

what sits between each lamellae?

osteocytes in lacunae

lacunae

small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

Canaliculi

little channels that connect lacunae

How do osteocytes communicate?

canaliculi

Osteoblasts

bone forming cells

osteoclasts

Bone-destroying cells

what maintains osseous tissue?

homeostasis between osteoblasts and osteoclasts

the long central portion of each long bone

diaphysis

what cavity is in the diaphysis

medullary cavity

medullary cavity

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow

yellow bone marrow

gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells

what is yellow bone marrow lined with?

deep thin layer of epithelium called endosteum

Endosteum

membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone, also spongy bones and canals.

complex endpiece of each bone

epiphysis

what does each epiphysis contain?

spongy bone filled with red bone marrow

red bone marrow

produces red and white blood cells and platelets

the line of where the epiphysis and diaphysis fuse

epiphyseal line

what is living bone tissue encased by?

superficial thin layer of dense connective tissue called periosteum

articular surfaces

joint surfaces

what is on the articular surfaces of the epiphyses

thin layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage

articular cartilage

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints

synovial joints

freely movable joints

synovial fluid

joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane

nutrient foramina

minute holes in the bone surface that allows blood vessels to penetrate

perforating fibers

secure periosteum to underlying bone

what is the order of layers of long bone from superficial to deep?

-periosteum only

-epiphyses covered with articular cartilage only

-intermediate layer of compact bone

-deep layer in the epiphyses with spongy bone and spicules and trabeculae lined with endosteum

-deep layer with medullary cavity lines with endosteum which extends to the central canals and nutrient foramina

what do flat bones lack?

medullary cavity

deep layer of spongy bone in a flat bone

dipole

what is the order of layers in a flat bone?

-outer superficial layer with periosteum

-intermediate layer of compact bone

-deep spongy bon (trabeculae) lines with endosteum

-intermediate layer of compact bone

-inner superficial layer lined with periosteum

wolffs law of bone

architecture of bone determined by mechanical stresses placed on it and bones adapt to withstand those stresses

parathyroid hormone and calcitriol

stimulate osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium into the blood.

Calcitonin

promotes bone deposition to lower blood calcium levels

foramen

hole

fossa, fossae, notch

pit, groove, depression

condyle

A smooth, rounded articular process

process, facet, plate

projection or outgrowth

suture

interlocking line of union between bones

tubercle

small rounded projection

crest

Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

sulcus

narrow groove

girdle

structure that encircles the body

rami

branch (ramus)

how many bones are in the skull

22

calvaria

skull cap

how many cranial bones

8

how many facial bones

14

immovable joints

sutures

cranial base

floor of the cranial cavity

what indentations support the brain

anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae

paranasal sinuses

air cavities within the cranial bones that open into the nasal cavities

what skull bones are paranasal sinuses found in?

frontal, maxillae, ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal bone mastoid sinuses

frontal bone

bone that forms the forehead

orbit

eye sockets

anterior cranial fossa

formed by the frontal bone and part of the sphenoid bone

glabella

Smooth area between the eyes

supraorbital foramina

two small holes located over the anterior ridge of the orbit

supraorbital margin

The superior rim of the eye socket located on the frontal bone.

frontal sinuses

located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows

parietal bones

Bones that form the sides and top of the cranium.

sagittal suture

between parietal bones

cornal suture

between frontal and parietal bones

lambdoid suture

between parietal bones and occipital bone

sqamous suture

Connects temporal and parietal bones

Pterion

Junction of frontal, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal bones

asterion

Where Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal Bones meet

temporal bones

form the sides and base of the cranium

middle cranial fossa

holds the temporal lobes of the brain

squamous region

flat area of temporal bone

zygomatic process

a projection of the temporal bone that forms part of the zygoma

zygomatic arch

cheek bone

mandibular fossa

the depression in the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible fits

what joint does the mandibular fossa form?

temporomandibular joint

tympanic region

surrounds the external ear opening

external acoustic meatus

ear canal

external auditory canal

The ear canal; leads to the tympanic membrane.

styloid process

pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull

mastoid region

posterior to the tympanic region

mastoid process

round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear

mastoid sinuses

air spaces in the mastoid process of the temporal bone that communicate with the middle ear cavity

mastoid notch

medial to mastoid process

stylomastoid foramen

exit point for one of the cranial nerves

petrous region

mountain ridge with foramen

foramen lacerum

Name this foramen.

carotid canal

name this foramen

jugular foramen

Name this foramen.