HSS3305 Midterm 1

Lesion

Any structural abnormality or pathologic change

Etiology

The cause of a disease

Pathogenesis

The manner in which a disease develops

Gross examination

Study of the diseased organ with the naked eye

Histologic examination

Study of disease using a microscope to examine tissue

Immunological techniques

Techniques using antibody or antigen preparations, usually with chemical labels

Laboratory medicine

Study of the composition of body fluids to diagnose disease

Idiopathic

Disease of unknown origin

Iatrogenic

Disease resulting from a medical intervention

Prognosis

The probable outcome of a disease/disorder

List the major categories of human disease (VINDICATE'M)

Vascular
Infectious (or Inflammatory)
Neoplastic
Degenerative (or Deficiency)
Idiopathic (or Iatrogenic)
Congenital
Allergic (or Autoimmune)
Traumatic
Endocrine (or Environmental)
Metabolic

Five components of clinical history

1. History of current illness
2. Medical history
3. Family history
4. Social history
5. Review of symptoms

Purpose of screening tests

Detect early asymptomatic diseases amenable to treatment to prevent or minimize late-stage organ damage

Specificity

Reflects the percentage of patients without disease that are misclassified as having the disease (false positives)
= true negatives / (true negatives + false positives)

Sensitivity

Reflects the percentage of patients with the disease misclassified as not having the disease
= true positives / (true positives + false negatives)

Purpose of clinical laboratory tests

To determine concentration of substances in blood or urine that are frequently altered by disease

X-Ray

Use of high-energy radiation waves at lower doses to produce images to help diagnose disease

Radiopaque objects

High-density tissues; appear white on film

Radiolucent objects

Low-density tissues; appear dark on film

Purpose of intravenous pyelogram

Allows us to visualize urinary tract

CT scan

Radiation detectors record amount of X-rays or ionizing radiation absorbed by the body and feed data into a computer that reconstructs the data into an image

MRI

Computer-constructed images of body based on response of hydrogen protons in water molecules when placed in a strong magnetic field

PET scan

Measures metabolism of biochemical compounds that are labelled with positron-emitting isotopes to measure organ function

Radioisotope (radionuclide) studies

Evaluate organ function by determining the rate of uptake and excretion of substances labelled with a radioisotope

Example of cytologic examination

Pap smear

Example of histologic examination

Biopsy

ECG

Measures changes in electrical activity of the heart in various phases of the cardiac cycle

EEG

Measures electrical activity of the brain

EMG

Measures electrical activity of skeletal muscle during contraction and at rest

Endoscopy

Examine interior of body using rigid or flexible tubular instruments equipped with lens and light source

Ultrasound

Echoes are produced by high-frequency sound waves transmitted into the body; the echoes reflect change in tissue density. The reflective waves are recorded and an image is produced.

Two applications of ultrasound

1. Study uterus during pregnancy
2. Study structure and function of heart valves

Rough ER is where _____ occurs

Protein synthesis

Smooth ER is where _____ occurs

Lipid synthesis

Three types of protein tubules in cytoskeleton

1. Microtubules (largest)
2. Intermediate filaments
3. Microfilaments (smallest)

Microtubules are made of

Alpha/beta tubulin polymers

Intermediate filaments are made of

Vimentin and keratin fibres

Function of intermediate filaments

Reinforce cell's interior and keep its shape by holding the organelles in proper position

Microfilaments are composed of

G-actin polymers

Four types of tissues

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Three functions of epithelial tissue

Protection, absorption, secretion

Endothelium

Innermost lining of blood vessels; simple squamous epithelium

Mesothelium

Lines body cavities; simple squamous epithelium

Simple squamous epithelia functions

Absorption and filtration - direct contact with basement membrane

Simple cuboidal epithelia functions/location

Absorption/secretion/excretion
Kidney, pancreas

Simple columnar epithelia functions/location

Absorption/secretion/excretion
Stomach, colon, rectum

Pseudostratified epithelia functions/location

Mucous secretion/protection (ciliated)
Upper airways, trachea

Transitional epithelia location

Elastic organs like bladder, urethra

Stratified squamous epithelia function/location

Protective
Esophagus, mouth, vagina

Collagen fibres function/location

Connect and support tissues
Joints, skin

Elastic fibres function

Responsible for distensibility of arteries
Blood vessels, lungs, skin

Reticular fibres function/location

Connect and support tissues (similar to collagen but thin/delicate)
Form supporting framework of organs (liver, spleen, lymph nodes)

Hematopoetic tissue function

Blood-forming

Lymphatic tissue function

Lymphocyte-forming

Adipose tissue function

Insulation, energy, padding

Hyaline cartilage location

Bone ends at moveable joints

Elastic cartilage location

Ears

Fibrocartilage location

Vertebral discs, knee joint

Subcutaneous tissue function/location

Support/protection of organs and muscles
Deepest skin layer

Neuroglia

Cells that support and protect neurons

Astrocytes

Long, star-shaped cells that provide structural support & nourishment to neurons

Oligodendrocytes

Small cells with scanty cytoplasm which produce myelin
(Schwann cells in PNS)

Microglia

Phagocytic cells conferring immune protection in nervous system

Parenchymal cells

Primary functional cells of an organ

Stroma

Tissue that forms the supporting framework of an organ

Three germ layers

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Ectoderm becomes the

External covering of body that interacts with external environment

Mesoderm becomes the

Connective tissue - muscle, bone, cartilage, heart, blood, blood vessels, and major portions of urogenital system

Endoderm becomes the

Lining of digestive, respiratory, and bilial systems, liver, thyroid gland, some parts of urogenital tract

Atrophy

Reduction in cell size

Hypertrophy

Increase in cell size without an increase in cell number

Hyperplasia

Increase in both cell size and number due to increased demand

Metaplasia

Change from one cell type to another

Dysplasia

Abnormal cell development and maturation

Cell necrosis

Cell death resulting from irreversible damage to cell

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death

Hayflick limit

The fixed number of divisions a cell has before it dies (caused by shortening of telomeres with each division)