neuropsychology exam 2

contralateral

going from one side to the other side

ipsilateral

projecting to the same side

afferent

fiber traveling towards point of reference

efferent

fiber traveling away from point of reference

nerve

bundle of axons in PNS

tract

bundle of axons in CNS

nucleus

cluster of cell bodies in CNS

ganglion

cluster of cell bodies in PNS

gray matter

everything else but usually clusters of cell bodies (holds nuclei and ganglion)

white matter

built of myelinated axons

lissencephaly

when someone’s cortex is comple

thalamus/hypothalamus

there is debate over if the _/_ should be included as part of brainstem

brainstem

most neuroscientists agree only contains the midbrain, pons, medulla

somatic

subcategory of PNS that has motor and sensory systems

autonomic

subcategory of PNS that has sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

CNS

contains the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem) and spinal cord

midbrain

where the flexure is

meninges layers

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater, brain

arachnoid

has blood vessels and CSF, holding brain in space

meningitis

inflammation of meninges, swells up and could kill

lateral ventricles

look like rams horns

largest ventricles

hold the most choroid plexus (so makes the most CSF)

third ventricle

slit like, right at midline

CSF travels through but still making more

fourth ventricle

towards the bottom, “narrow neck”

has three openings to let CSF out

CSF keeps being made so very bad if blocked

cerebral aqueduct

between third and fourth ventricle

CSF carried through to go to subarachnoid space

more likely to be blocked because there is only one opening

central canal

below fourth ventricle, trailing to spinal cord

CSF path

lateral ventricles

third ventricle

cerebral aqueduct

fourth ventricle

out

choroid plexus

specialized type of cell that lines the ventricles

densely vascularized, lots of blood vessels

takes arterial blood and turns it into CSF

made in every ventricle but not in the cerebral aqueduct

hydrocephalus

means “water head”

when the ventricular system becomes blocked

in children, could be due to tumor or not good development

in adults, could be due to trauma

12

amount of cranial nerve pairs

31

amount of spinal nerve pairs

cranial nerve list

olfactory

optic

oculomotor

trochlear

trigeminal

abducens

facial

vestibulocochlear

glossopharyngeal

vagus

accessory

hypoglossal

cervical cords

8 pairs

if damaged, could be quadriplegic

thoracic cord

12 pairs

if damaged, can do things with arms but not with lower body

lumbar cord

5 pairs

where CSF will be taken because unlikely to damage spinal roots (at the cistern)

sacral cord

5 pairs

if damaged, lower body function messed up (bladder, sexual function, movement)

coccygeal

31st pair of spinal nerves at the very bottom

neural tube

pinches off in utero to become CNS ventricles in the middle

neural crest

becomes the PNS in utero

encephalocele

when neural tubes don’t close all the way

minor condition, can be fixed in neurosurgery

bubble of CSF at gap of skull

brain tissue follows inside of bubble, then part of ventricles follows brain so now there’s very vulnerable brain not protected by skull

spina biffida

vertebral arches fail to form

spinal cord is not protected

can either be full of CSF or have spinal cord bending with it

anencephaly

back of child’s skull is wide open

much of the brain is missing so child will die

folic acid

odds of cerebral/spinal development problems go way up if there is a deficit of _ _, pregnant women need more in their diet to prevent it

vesicles

transient structures that occur as develop

consists of forebrain (rostral), midbrain, and hindbrain (caudal)

like a flower (forebrain grows the most)

prosencephalon

another word for forebrain

divided into 2 components: telencephalon and diencephalon

telenecephalon

part of the prosencephalon (forebrain)

makes the cerebral/neocortex, the basil ganglia, amygdala, hippocampus, and brain hemispheres

diencephalon

part of the prosencephalon (forebrain)

makes thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

mesencephalon

makes the midbrain

rhombencephalon

another word for hindbrain

consists of metencephalon and Mye cephalon sections

metencephalon

part of hindbrain

makes pons and cerebellum

mye cephalon

part of hindbrain

makes medulla

optic cups

makes up retinas from diencephalon

only way to see someone’s CNS

cada aquina

“horse’s tail” shape of the spinal cord pulling roots down with bony structure

enlargement

_ of grey matter at cervical and lumbar cords to drive arms and legs

primary sensory neurons

the ones doing the transducing (taking stimulus and turning it into neuron language)

interface directly with outside periphery

lower motor neurons

ones that synapse to muscle

upper motor neurons

what controls the lower motor neurons, coordinates

autonomic neurons

goes out through ventral root as motor function (activating sweat gland or opening airways when stressed)

dermatome

slice of skin

where those 31 pairs of spinal cords innervate

not straight lines across

shingles

viral labeling of dermatomes

virus lies latent until it expresses itself while immunocompromised or aging

adrenal medulla

secretes adrenaline/epinephrine

HPA axis

hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis that releases cortisol

sexual

parasympathetic system needed for _ situations or ED/premature ejaculation

REM

_ sleep shuts down sympathetic system so men get “morning wood”

cerebellum

means little brain

10% of brain’s total mass but can contain 50% or more of its neurons

has some of the biggest and smallest neurons

if damaged, balance is off or gait is affected

compares what you are trying to do in your cortex and what you’re actually doing and makes corrections

vestibular

1 of 2 pieces of sensory information needed for good motor function

sense of balance

proprioception

1 of 2 pieces of sensory information needed for good motor function

sense that this body is mine to control

the man who fell out of bed

patient woke up in bed and thought someone had put a cadaver leg next to him but it was his own so he tried to tear it off

disembodied lady

treated with antibiotics before operation, but had reaction that killed off proprioceptive neurons

had a dream that she was completely outside of her body

pons

means bridge

known for creating the plan that the cerebellum is going to carry out

has sensory fibers

lesions could affect REM sleep

medulla

lowest part of brainstem, immediately adjacent to spinal cord

small but important

affects heartrate, breathing

if damaged, central apnea to stop breathing and need ventilator

has important fiber tracts

foramen magnum

big opening at base of skull,, at the edge where the medulla meets the spinal cord

cortex

CEO of the brain

highest order processing of sensation, motor, executive function

basal ganglia

made up of caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

helps you select wanted motor programs and deselect unwanted motor programs

substantia nigra

found in the midbrain

emits dopamine

means “black substance”

supplies fibers to basal ganglia

Parkinson’s disease

progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra

can’t be treated with just dopamine because doesn’t cross blood brain barrier and would cause problems in periphery

once L-Dopa stops working, brain surgery is needed to intentionally lesion the basal ganglia

L Dopa

precursor to dopamine

used to treat symptoms of Parkinson’s for the 20% of cells left

deep brain stimulation

modern alternative for Parkinson’s treatment

actively implant stimulating electrodes into someone’s brain so they can dose themselves

superior colliculi

2 little hills at rostral end of midbrain

for vision

inferior colliculi

2 little hills at caudal end of midbrain

for auditory

lentiform nucleus

comprised of the putamen and globus pallidus in the basal ganglia

corpus striatum

comprised of the caudate nucleus and putamen in the basal ganglia

hypokinetic

you are having difficulty making movements you want to

hyperkinetic

you are making too many movements when you don’t want to be

Huntington’s disease

purely genetic disorder found on chromosome 4, if you have the wrong copy/allele you will get the disease

90% of cells in striatum are going to die due to excitotoxic cell death

causes huge ventricles, unwanted tics, bedridden, dementia

coprolalia

someone with Tourette’s blurts profanity

copropraxia

someone with Tourette’s making inappropriate motions

echolalia

someone does a caricature of something you just said

echopraxia

someone does a caricature of something you just did

The Possessed

2 super tourettes women could capture and regurgitate personalities of random people in New York

iatrogenic

condition that is caused by treatment for another condition

tardive dyskinesia

people taking dopamine receptor antagonists to treat schizophrenia suffer damage to basal ganglia, causing tics in face/mouth

hippocampus

important in learning/memory

has more cortisol receptors than anywhere else in the brain, the “stress thermostat”

anterograde amnesia

someone can’t form new memories

retrograde amnesia

someone can’t recall old memories

The lost mariner

Navy vet that became an alcoholic and couldn’t make new memories, “stuck in time”

amygdala

right by hippocampus in medial temporal lobe

best known for emotions and fear

SM

case study where both sides of amygdala were damaged so fear became completely foreign

Kluver bucy syndrome

European scientists took out medial temporal lobe of monkeys, so memory problems and no fear and oral tendencies and hypersexual

thalamus

sensory relay station

smell

the one sensory modality that does not stop in the thalamus, instead goes straight to cortex uninterrupted