history term 1.2 📜🪶⚔️

History

The study of past events and people. It hopes us understand how the world has changed overtime.

Primary source

A record or object made at the time being studied

Secondary source

A later source that explains ir analyses the past.

Anachronism

Something placed in a time where it doesn’t exist

BCE/CE

(Before common era) and (common era) help historians organize dates.

Anglo-Saxon

A name for people who settles in parts of Britain after Roman rule

Roman rule ended in

410

What happened in 1042

England was untied under Edward the Confessor.

What was England like before 1066?

Large forests, open fields, villages, small towns. And full with the Anglo-Saxons

What did the Sutton Hoo burial contain

Gold and silver bowls, brooches, spoons, coins and swords.

extra- archeologists think it might’ve belonged to Raedwald, king of East Anglia who died around CE 625

Ceorl

A free farmer who worked the land

Thrall

A person forced to work for others

Thegn

A landholding noble, often the local lord

Explain the dynamic between the lord and the people

The lord protected the people in times of trouble and lead, in exchange the villagers paid him food rent

Towns in England during 1000 CE

There were a lot of towns and coastal towns were busy because ships carried good everywhere. Some towns were known for specific things. By the eleventh century, farming, skill and trade made England rich.

Pull factor-

Something that attracts people to a place

Witan

An assembly of powerful, ‘wise men’ who advised the king

The king usefully invited the most powerful leaders- like Earls who governed large areas and promised military support. Inviting them made it more likely to support the king’s decisions.

What are some things farmers grew? And what did they use them for?

Grain ground into flour for bread and porridge.

Flax was spun and woven into cloth

Sheep, hen, cows for wool, meat, eggs and milk

And honey to sweeten food

Earl

A powerful noble who ruled a large region

Thegn

A landholding noble who served the king

Mortar, Edwin, Waltheof, Gyrth, Leofwine and Harold are

The earls who ruled the six earldoms

What is a wergild?

An agreed payment made after an injury. The compensation depends on your status and the seriousness of the injury.

Explain the Social Pyramid of Anglo-Saxon England

1- King

2- Earl

3- Thegn

4- Ceorl

5- Thrall

Who became king is 1042 and who was crowned in 1043?

Edward

Claim to the throne

A reason someone give for saying they should be king

When did King Edward the Confessor die? And why was it significant?

5 Jan 1066 and there was no obvious king or any fixed laws for choosing a successor so people could give different reasons to argue they should rule

Who did Edward promise to crown to? And why was he a reasonable king?

Harold, his sister was married to the king (so he was connected to the Royal Fam), the witan agreed he should be king and he had experience defending the country when Edward was ill. He was crowned in 6 Jan 1066

Who was William? What was his claim to the throne?

He was the Duke Of Normandy, a place in France. He said that he and William were close and William had lived in Normandy for many years. He claimed that Edward promised him the down in 1051 and that Harold promised to support him in 1064

Who was Harald Hadrada? What was his claim to the throne

Harald Hardrada was the king of Norway. He did not have a close family link to Edward. He claimed that an old English king had promised the throne to Haralds ancestor King Magnus, his main English supporter was Tostig, Harold Godwinson’s brother. Tostig was a terrible novel, so Harold had to support the rebels and kicked him out.

What was the three guys, Harald, Harold and Williams, support for their claims?

Harold- support from the wergild, experience leading when Edward was ill, family link

William- ruled Normandy when he was young, had experience fighting other leaders, had the support of some religious dudes, was old besties with Edward when he lived in Normandy, claimed Harold said he’d support him

Harald- Harold’s bro Tostig supported him and said eddies old ancestor promised his that he’d be king

Harold knew his position As king of England was not secure. He expected to have a fight from Harold had rather and William of Normandy. He knew they would invade England so he sent half his army to the south coast and half to the north. What happened next?

Nine months past and Nothing happened. In September 1066 Harold was forced to send his armies home. He could not afford for them to stand around doing nothing. It was done that his enemy struck the Vikings from Norway had landed.

Harold was in London when the news reached of the Viking invasion what happened next?

He immediately marched north gathering troops as he went. Harald Hadrada and the Vikings were at Stamford Bridge. The Vikings were relaxing in the sun and had taken their armor off, and they were not expecting the Anglo-Saxon army to appear from the south.

Harold and the Anglo-Saxon’s covered How many miles from London in four days?

185 miles

Describe the battle between Harold And Harald

On September 1066, They had to cross a narrow wooden bridge to the Viking army. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says that one Viking on with an ax held up the entire army long enough to give the Vikings time to get their armor on and former shield wall to face the Anglo-Saxon attack the battle rage for a long time and then the Viking shield wall Broke.

Simplified-

In September 1066, Harald Hardrada and Tostig landed in the north with an

army from Norway.

● Harold heard the news in London and marched north with his soldiers.

● He travelled about 185 miles in four days.

● On 25 September, Harold surprised the Viking army at Stamford Bridge.

● After a long fight, the English won.

● Hardrada and Tostig were removed from the battle.

● While Harold and the Anglo-Saxons were celebrating in York, word came that

Duke William of Normandy had landed on the south coast of England.

What did the Norway people lose in the battle?

They lost their king Hadrada and tostig, along with hundreds of their men. The Vikings that remain flooded and there were so few Vikings left that of the 300 ships that brought them to England only 24 ships were needed to take them back

Take a lil break

Have some water

While Harold and the Anglo-Saxon’s were celebrating in York, what happened?

Word came that Duke Williams of Normandy had landed on the south coast of England

When did the English army met William’s Norman army? And where?

On 14 october 1066 and the battle took place at Senlac Hill, near Hastings

Key events of the battle

• The Normans began by firing arrows, but the Anglo-Saxon shield wall held firm.

• William’s cavalry charged uphill, but the Anglo-Saxons pushed them back.

• Harold’s forces formed a shield wall at the top of the hill, making it hard for William’s men to attack.

• The Normans had to fight uphill, a difficult position for cavalry and foot soldiers.

• Marshy ground surrounded the hill, limiting movement and forcing the Normans to attack head-on.

• The turning point came when the Normans used a feigned retreat. run away, luring Harold’s soldiers off the hill and breaking the shield wall.

• Once the shield wall was broken, the Normans attacked from all sides, leading to Harold’s defeat.

Compare Harold’s English Army to William’s Norman one. Who has the upper hand? Why?

HAROLD’S ENGLISH ARMY

● Housecarls were trained soldiers who fought

on foot with shields and battle axes.(3000)

● The fyrd was made up of working men

called to defend their area. Many had less

training. (6000)

● Harold’s soldiers could form a strong shield

wall.

Archers could shoot from a distance. (2000)

●

● Foot soldiers fought with swords and

shields. (5000)

●

● Knights on horseback could charge at the

English line. Armed with spears, swords and

iron clubs. (3000)

● William could use different types of soldiers

together

In army size, William had the upper hand

Except..

Harold’s army was tired and exhausted and he didn’t have many numbers but at first he was doing pretty well. Why?

Harold’s soldier took a strong position on the higher ground while Williams army began below them. Harold’s forces formed a shield wall at the top of the hill, making it hard for William’s men to attack. The Normans had to fight uphill, a difficult position for cavalry and foot soldiers. Marshy ground surrounded the hill, limiting movement and forcing the Normans to attack head-on.

Why did Willy boy win?

Superior tactics: The feigned retreat broke

Harold’s shield wall.

Varied troops: William’s cavalry, archers, and

infantry gave him flexibility.

Harold’s mistakes: He rushed to battle without

resting his troops.

Luck: William’s survival during the battle boosted

Norman morale.

Motte

Raise mound for a tower

Bailey

Enclosed area for soldiers and supplies

Baron

A powerful landholder who served the king (a French Earl)

Knight

Soldier who promised military service

Peasant

A farmer who worked the land

Fuedal system

System linking land, loyalty and service

After winning the battle of Hastings, William faced rejection from the Anglo-Saxons. To prove his power, and make the Saxon earls accept him as king, what did he do?

William marched on London, burning villages and destroying crops to show his strength and discourage resistance

On the 25th of December, William was crowned king. In 1069, the north of England rebelled. Who was rebellion led by? And how did William stop it

Saxon earls and danish vikings. William sent an army to deal with the rebelled and the people in the north suffered as food and resources were taken away/destroyed and many people had to leave their homes.

William then built castles to make sure England remains under control. Castles were one of William’s most important tools for controlling England. Why?

They provided safe places for Roman soldiers and acted as symbols of power.

He built castles in strategic locations, like near rivers, towns and key roads, to monitor and control the population.

What were the first castles built by the Norman’s called? Why were they called that?

The first castles built by the Normans were called “Motte and Bailey” castles. These had a raised mound (the motte) with a wooden tower for defense and an enclosed area (the bailey) for soldiers and supplies.

In 1058, William decided he needed more info on the land and people in England. So what did he make, what was in it? How did it help him

The domesday book was a survey recorded who owned land, how much it was worth and what resources, like animals and crops, were available. It helped him collect taxes more accurately and helped him settle disputes over land ownership. It showed his complete control over England, as nothing could be hidden from him.

Explain the feudal system

in this system, all land belonged to William, but he gave large sections to his supporters called barons in return for their loyalty. The barons gave land to knights who promised to protect them. The knights gave land to the peasants who gave them food and work in exchange for land and protection.

It made sure everyone depend don each other, and make rebellion less like,y.