history - superpower relations 8 markers

2 effects of the Tehran conference

positive relations between US + USSR
-agreed that US + Britain would open second front by launching an attack on germany in WE, ease pressure on eastern front where soviets were suffering heavy losses
-stalin would declare war against japan, supply soviet troops to help US with war against japanese
- Agreed on Polish land

tension between US + Britain
-churchill thought roosevelt sometimes viewed british colonialism as more of threat to world peace than communism
-good relations between roosevelt + stalin meant possibility of big 3 becoming big 2
-churchill not pleased with agreement of second front, had wanted to do it in the balkans, not west

2 effects of the Yalta conference

agreement, helped ease tensions in some areas
-agreement on germany - would be split into 4, germany pay $20 million in reparations, half go to USSR, nazi party banned + war criminals prosecuted
-UN agreed to be set up - all nations could join, first meeting on 25 april

tensions due to issue of poland
-agreed that borders would return to original position in 1921 - would give USSR significant gains
-stalin agreed to free elections to decide future govs in EE - he expected them to bring about communist govs, british supported london poles, for example
-also issues w zoning and France

2 effects of the Potsdam conference

decisions on germany, good for relations
-divided into 4 zones (USSR, US, B, F)
-german econ run as a whole
-berlin split too
each administering country would take reparations from own zone
-USSR controlled poorest so was allowed to take 1/4 industrial equipment from other zones

disagreements over EE, bad for relations
-truman objected to soviet control in EE
-thought stalin using them as army of occupation but little he could do without risking war
-truman objected to arrangements for poland + borders
-wanted gov with less communist influence
-also tension due to A bomb

2 effects on atomic bomb on US-USSR relations

made stalin more determined to protect USSR, expanded into Eastern Europe
-felt threatened
-immediate aim to create buffer zone of countries sympathetic to USSR between germany + USSR
-opposite of what americans had hoped for

Ultimately led to the arms race as both sides felt threatened
- 1949, ussr develop their own atomic bomb

2 effects of the Iron Curtain speech

Worsened relations between USSR + UK
-Condemned beliefs
-Condemned expansion
-Stated that there was division between east and west
-Increased anti west propaganda
-Increased forces

Worsened relations between USSR + US
-Speech made in US
-Stalin thought that it reflected US beliefs too
-Stated that there was division between east and west
-Increased anti west propaganda
-Increased forces

2 effects of the Truman Doctrine

Increased tensions, stated that he disliked communism
-said capitalism = majority rule, freedom from political oppression
-communism = no freedom, will of minority forced on majority, evil
-set US up as leader of fight against communism
-replaced policy of isolationism with containment

Showed that US was prepared to resist communism
-shouldn't be allowed to grow
-announced economic aid package to greece + turkey
-$400 million
-would send US civilian + military personnel
-promised marshal plan

2 effects of the Marshall Plan

strengthened relations between US + western european countries
-provided econ aid to countries affected by war trying to resist communism
-US gave $13.7 billion 1948-52
-helped many european countries e.g. WG, france, greece, italy, switzerland, turkey
-britain recieved more 1/4 total
-huge economic impact
-british foreign secretary called it "lifeline"

worsened tensions between USSR + US
-practical outcome of truman doctrine
easter european countries didn't benefit
-seemed like west was ganging up on stalin
-felt threatened
-formed comecon instead, provided aid package based on communist beliefs to prevent EE countries from turning to US, keep under soviet control

2 effects of cominform

extended soviet control
-way of directing + controlling satellite state govs
-set out plan to build heavy industry in EE and to create a trade network between communist countries
-spread communist propaganda
-ended opposition to moscow
-ensured loyalty of EE govs

directly opposed US
-rejected marshall plan at first meeting
-accused US of being no diff to nazi germany
-association of communist parties all over europe

2 effects of comecon

kept satellite states under communist control
-didn't allow satellite states to accept marshall aid
-aid package based on communist beliefs
-supported economic dev in its member states
-US worried in case others tempted to join/if communsim became more appealing

tensions worse, opposed US
-direct competition with marshall aid
-discouraged trade with US + WE
-separated east + west europe

2 effects of the creation of Bizonia

-created separate economic unit from the East - USA, Britain + France decided how to run their part of Germany since USSR no longer cooperating, created new currency (Deutschmark) in June 1948 to give Trizonia economic unity, reinforced separation of east + west

-made Stalin more paranoid + determined to protect Soviet interests in Germany - he saw Bi/Trizonia as mans of allies developing their zones more effectively, ganging up on him, felt threatened, paranoid they were deliberately forcing Soviet zone into poverty, thought Germany should be one united country following communist ideology

2 effects of the Berlin Crisis

-divided Germany - Stalin seemed unnecessarily aggressive + unreasonable in comparison since Western allies had avoided war, responded peacefully with Berlin Airlift. Stalin had shut off land routes into Berlin to try and show that divided Germany would not work + force western allies to give up their zones. instead, Berlin Airlift, flew food, coal, other essentials along air corridors, at least 1,000 tonnes of supplies every day

-creation of NATO - April 1949, military alliance with specific aim of defending the west against communism. next step from marshall plan, dominated by America. first time US was a member of a peacetime military alliance, showed extent of impact of BC + truman's determination to contain communism. permanent presence of American forces in Europe

2 effects of NATO

-proved Western powers' determination to stand against communism - formal military alliance, increased USA military presence in Europe, first time US was a member of a peacetime military alliance, showed extent of truman's determination to contain communism, Americans permanently kept bases in Europe

-led to formation of Warsaw Pact - Stalin's paranoia was heightened by danger of armed Germany on border of Eastern Europe, Warsaw Pact = communist defensive military alliance, created an Eastern Bloc, entirely Soviet leadership, wanted to extend communist control + stand against NATO

2 effects of the korean war

- Increased determination of each side to expand political influence
SEATO 1945, stop comm in Asia
Greece and Turkey Joined NATO
Warsaw Pact 1955

- Increased suspicion and distrust between West and USSR
Both sides increased armed forces and military protection and Korean War exposed possibility of Cold War turning into direct military conflict
- USA tripled defence budget + strengthened land forces in Europe
- Between 1950-55, Red army rose from 2.8 million to 5.6 million
-Arms race: Us H bomb 52 and USSR H bomb 53

2 effects of the Warsaw Pact

reinforced USSR control over EE
-challenged danger of armed + powerful germany on soviet borders
-communist defensive military alliance
-formed eastern bloc
-leadership was entirely soviet
-alliance under command of USSR

reinforced idea that there were 2 europes
-communism vs capitalism
-west = under US protection, working to defeat communism
-east = led by USSR to extend communist control
-increased competition of arms race - poor technology + reliance on conscription meant USSR focused on nuclear deterrent development

2 effects of De-Stalinisation

Improved relationships with Europe
- Released political prisoners
- Ended Cominform to improve relations w Yugoslavia
- Invited Tito to Moscow
- Dismissed Stalins former minister

encouraged WP countries to push for change
-Kh speech criticising stalin's oppressive regime gave satellite states opportunity to push for relaxation of soviet control
-series of moderate reforms in poland
-encouraged hungarians to push for change too
-protested about lack of political freedom + fuel shortages + poor harvests
-nagy announced set of proposed reforms

2 effects of the Soviet invasion of Hungary

-strengthened Khrushchev's position - shut down opposition completely, stopped threat to soviet security, 20,000 Hungarians killed, pro communist gov set up under Kadar, Nagy executed, described as 'lesson to leaders of all socialist countries'. members of WP knew they had to follow orders, K felt more confident dealing with US since he knew they were unlikely to take military action

-reflected badly on west - Radio Free Europe (US gov funded radio station) had regularly broadcasted messages encouraging resistance against communist regime, but weren't prepared to follow through with military support. Nagy begged west for support but no response, US didn't want to risk nuclear war

2 effects of the U2 incident

- Destroyed the Paris Summit Conference
End to peaceful coexistence, Ike not apologetic
Increased tensions, couldn't discuss Test ban treat, Berlin or Cuba
Ultimately led to Berlin Wall and Cuban missile crisis

- Increased tensions
Showed hostility
Us had said that there was no U2 programme spying but there was

2 effects of the Berlin Wall on people in Germany

- Divided families, cut through streets + buildings, barbed wire fence went up overnight on 12 aug 1961. prevented people from moving to the west, tensions between east + west and better quality of life in western germany caused brain drain, skilled workers (academics, teachers, doctors) moved for better pay. no mans land separated zones, filled with booby traps + mines

- People couldn't escape communism, people were confined to accept comm, no freedom

2 effects of the Bay of Pigs

-embarrassing for US - had wanted to present attack as Cuban counter rev, Castro found evidence of US involvement from aeroplanes, public humiliation, had previously accused USSR of trying to build empire in EE, now looked hypocritical for doing same

-strengthened relations between SU + Cuba - Castro declared himself as a communist after invasion, asked K to help him defend against any future attack from US, K in 61 publicly announced he would be providing arms to Cuba, military training provided to Cuba, ultimately led to Cuban Missile crisis

2 effects of the Prague Spring

soviet control relaxed in Czechoslovakia
-reforms introduced by dubcek
-censorship relaxed, criticism of gov actions allowed
-trade unions given more power, gov control over idustry reduced
-more power given to czech regional govs
-trade with west inc
-czech people given more freedom to travel abroad

inc soviet suspicion + fear, didn't want to let go of control
-brezhnev disapproved
-worried other WP countries would follow
-ordered WP troops to threaten dubcek
-then sent 500,000 troops in, ended prague spring
-little opposition, czech people could do little to fight back
-arrested dubcek

2 effects of the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia

worsened relations between US + USSR
-US + west angered by brutal invasion
-protested to USSR
-failed attempt to pass formal criticism in UN ( vetoed)
-USSR saw that US wouldn't actually take direct action to oppose USSR in europe
-made them more confident in using force to control + restrict countries in europe

worsened relations between communist countries in europe
-yugoslavia + romania condemned USSR
-Italian + french communist parties cut ties with moscow
-greater soviet control over members of WP
-shown by brezhnev doctrine, said communist countries would be prevented from introducing reforms to make their countries more liberal

2 effects of Salt

-had major symbolic importance - both US + USSR wanted to reach agreement + demonstrate better relations publicly, Nixon visited Brezhnev in Moscow in 73 and B visited him in 74, led to negotiations and improved relations

-set out agreements to limit weapons for US + SU - anti-ballistic missile treaty (max 100 missiles at 2 sites per country), interim treaty (restrictions on ICBMs + SLBMs), basic principles agreement ('make every effort to avoid nuclear war')

2 effects of the Arms Race

-both sides desperate to gain military superiority - Stalin had instructed scientists to put all efforts into developing atomic bomb, wanted to keep up with US advancements, both SU + US spent huge amounts of money developing large armies, navies, submarines, both conventional + nuclear missiles. military superiority might help give advantage in disagreements

-change in thinking about war - new weapons so powerful that they were developed to ensure other side wouldn't go to war at all. contrast to before, weapons + armed forces developed to win wars. both sides understood danger of nuclear weapons, therefore acted as deterrent (MAD)

2 effects of cuban missile crisis

-change in relations between Ke + Kh - Ke proved as strong leader, had stood up to Kh + Hawks in his own gov. popularity increased in US esp since agreement over turkey (agreement to remove missiles) wasn't publicised. popularity gave him confidence in dealings with SU

-world became safer place - policy of brinkmanship stopped, hotline between kremlin + white house set up, direct communications line to avoid misunderstandings (attempt at better relations). nuclear non proliferation treaty signed in 1968, stop spread of nuclear weapons, agreed not to share nuclear technology with others

2 effects of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

-started the process of disarmament - nuclear weapon states should work towards this, not help other countries develop nuclear arms, limited their power + freedom to use these weapons, stopped spread of nuclear weapons to other countries - non nuclear weapon states had to agree to not be involved in developing nuclear weapons so no more could have nuclear weapons than already did. accepted terms because few had technological/financial ability anyway

-Helped to aid détente which improved superpower relations as both countries wanted to resolve relationships
USA- war w Vietnam, 200 million spending, Nixon wanted to end
USSR- 30% gross domestic product went to defence, behind on tech

2 effects of Soviet expansion into Eastern Europe

1) increased power for USSR
- established buffer zone (6 countries)
- imposed Govt
- no democratic elections
- spread communism

2) Increased tensions between USSR + West
- Troubled Truman and Attlee
- Didn't want spread of comm
- Could lead to world takeover
- Threat to capitalism

2 effects of the Berlin Wall on superpower relationships

- tensions increased, SU had closed border without consulting, those who wanted to escape from communism couldn't, wall showed people had to be locked in to prevent leaving, preferred capitalism, sent message that communism would survive in berlin, reunification would fail

- Split Berlin, showed that comm and capitalism couldn't cooperate