Wars and Reconstruction: Philippine-American War and World War II

Vocabulary flashcards covering key historical figures, military engagements, policies, and consequences of the Philippine-American War and World War II in the Philippines.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Philippine Revolution and the first President of the Philippine Republic who declared independence on June 12, 1898, and led forces until his capture in 1901.

Treaty of Paris

The treaty ratified by President William McKinley and the U.S. Senate that officially ceded the Philippines to the United States and triggered the Philippine-American War.

Battle of Manila (1899)

A military engagement from February 4 to March 1899 where U.S. forces secured Manila by defeating outnumbered Filipino troops, driving Aguinaldo's forces into the countryside to adopt guerrilla tactics.

General Frederick Funston

U.S. general known for orchestrating the capture of Emilio Aguinaldo in Palanan, Isabela, on March 23, 1901, which severely weakened organized Filipino resistance.

Palanan, Isabela

The town where Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by General Frederick Funston on March 23, 1901.

Theodore Roosevelt

U.S. President who officially declared victory in the Philippine-American War on July 4, 1902, and granted amnesty to surrendering Filipino insurgents.

Macario Sakay

A Filipino revolutionary leader who sustained armed resistance against U.S. colonial forces after President Theodore Roosevelt declared the war officially over in 1902.

Gregorio del Pilar

One of the youngest and most courageous Filipino generals during the Philippine-American War, renowned for his heroic last stand defending Tirad Pass in 1899.

General Arthur MacArthur Jr.

Commander of U.S. forces who led operations throughout the Philippine-American War, directing battles such as the Battle of Manila and campaigns suppressing Filipino guerrilla resistance.

Antonio Luna

A skilled military strategist and Filipino army general who directed key operations, including the defense of Manila and the Battle of Caloocan, before being assassinated in 1899.

Thomasites

American teachers sent to the Philippines by the U.S. government to establish a public school system with English-based instruction.

Second Philippine Republic

The Japanese-sponsored puppet government established during World War II under President José P. Laurel.

José P. Laurel

The president of the Second Philippine Republic, which functioned as a puppet government under the Japanese occupation during World War II.

Fall of Bataan

The surrender of Allied troops on April 9, 1942, representing the largest U.S. and Filipino military capitulation in history after enduring extreme shortages of supplies and reinforcements.

Bataan Death March

A 65-mile forced march endured by 76,000 Filipino and American prisoners of war after the surrender of Bataan, during which thousands died from starvation, disease, exhaustion, and executions.

Battle of Leyte Gulf

The largest naval battle in history, fought in October 1944, which crippled Japanese naval power, marked Japan's first large-scale deployment of Kamikaze pilots, and saw General Douglas MacArthur fulfill his return.

Hukbalahap

The Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon, a communist-led peasant guerrilla movement that fought against the Japanese military occupation and later gained influence in post-war politics.

Comfort Women

Filipino and Asian women forced into institutionalized sexual slavery by the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II.

Liberation of Manila (February 1945)

One of the most destructive urban battles of World War II, which ended Japanese control of the capital but resulted in roughly 100,000 Filipino civilian deaths and catastrophic physical destruction.

Mickey Mouse Money

The fiat fiat currency issued by the Japanese military administration in the Philippines that suffered extreme hyperinflation and became essentially worthless.

USS Missouri

The U.S. battleship aboard which Japanese representatives signed the formal instrument of surrender on September 2, 1945, ending World War II.