NMAT SOCIAL SCIENCE

C

Who is considered the Father of Psychology? A) Sigmund Freud B) William James C) Wilhelm Wundt D) Ivan Pavlov

A

Which school of thought focuses on the function of mental processes in helping organisms adapt to their environment? A) Functionalism B) Structuralism C) Behaviorism D) Gestalt Psychology

D

The phrase "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" is associated with which school of thought? A) Structuralism B) Functionalism C) Psychoanalysis D) Gestalt Psychology

B

John Watson's Little Albert experiment demonstrated which type of learning? A) Operant conditioning B) Classical conditioning C) Observational learning D) Insight learning

C

According to Freud, the id operates on which principle? A) Reality principle B) Morality principle C) Pleasure principle D) Perfection principle

A

Which Freudian structure of the mind acts as the moral conscience? A) Superego B) Ego C) Id D) Preconscious

D

The Oedipus complex occurs during which psychosexual stage? A) Oral B) Anal C) Latency D) Phallic

B

According to Erikson, the virtue gained from successfully resolving the Trust vs. Mistrust stage is? A) Will B) Hope C) Purpose D) Competence

C

Which parenting style is characterized by high demands but low responsiveness? A) Authoritative B) Permissive C) Authoritarian D) Uninvolved

A

According to Piaget, object permanence develops during which stage? A) Sensorimotor B) Preoperational C) Concrete operational D) Formal operational

D

What is egocentrism according to Piaget? A) Excessive self-love B) Inability to understand conservation C) Belief that inanimate objects have life D) Inability to distinguish one's own perspective from others'

B

According to Kohlberg, the obedience and punishment orientation is found in which level? A) Conventional B) Preconventional C) Postconventional D) Universal ethics

C

At Kohlberg's postconventional level, moral reasoning is based on? A) Avoiding punishment B) Gaining approval C) Universal ethical principles D) Maintaining social order

A

Which defense mechanism involves attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts to others? A) Projection B) Denial C) Displacement D) Rationalization

D

A student who fails an exam and blames the professor for not teaching well is using which defense mechanism? A) Repression B) Regression C) Displacement D) Rationalization

B

What is the difference between repression and suppression? A) Repression is conscious

suppression is unconscious B) Repression is unconscious

suppression is conscious C) Both are conscious D) Both are unconscious

C

A man who is angry at his boss yells at his wife instead. This is an example of? A) Projection B) Rationalization C) Displacement D) Reaction formation

A

Which defense mechanism involves channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable behaviors? A) Sublimation B) Altruism C) Humor D) Anticipation

D

Freudian slips are also known as? A) Displacements B) Projections C) Distortions D) Parapraxes

C

The hippocampus is primarily responsible for? A) Emotion regulation B) Fear response C) Learning and memory D) Motor coordination

A

Which neurotransmitter is associated with muscle movement and is deficient in Alzheimer's disease? A) Acetylcholine B) Dopamine C) Serotonin D) GABA

B

Schizophrenia is associated with increased activity of which neurotransmitter? A) Serotonin B) Dopamine C) Acetylcholine D) GABA

D

Which neurotransmitter is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain? A) Glutamate B) Dopamine C) Serotonin D) GABA

A

The amygdala is responsible for? A) Emotion and aggression B) Memory consolidation C) Language production D) Motor coordination

C

Broca's area is located in which lobe and is responsible for? A) Temporal lobe

speech production D) Parietal lobe

sensation

D

Wernicke's area is responsible for? A) Speech production B) Motor coordination C) Vision processing D) Speech comprehension

B

REM sleep is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT? A) Rapid eye movements B) Low brain activity C) Dreaming D) Muscle paralysis

A

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, emotional experience occurs? A) After physiological arousal B) Before physiological arousal C) Simultaneously with physiological arousal D) Independent of physiological arousal

C

The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur? A) Sequentially with arousal first B) Sequentially with emotion first C) Simultaneously and independently D) Only after cognitive appraisal

D

The Schachter-Singer two-factor theory emphasizes the role of which factor in emotion? A) Unconscious drives B) Instincts C) Physiological arousal only D) Cognitive appraisal of arousal

B

What is the absolute threshold? A) Smallest difference between two stimuli detected 50% of the time B) Minimum stimulus energy detected 50% of the time C) Maximum stimulus energy detected D) Stimulus intensity perceived consciously

A

The gate-control theory of pain explains pain perception through a mechanism in the? A) Spinal cord B) Thalamus C) Cerebral cortex D) Hippocampus

C

Phantom limb pain is considered? A) Physiologic B) Normal C) Pathologic D) Psychosomatic

D

According to Gestalt psychology, the law that states similar objects are grouped together is called? A) Proximity B) Closure C) Continuity D) Similarity

B

The Muller-Lyer illusion is an example of? A) Sensory adaptation B) Perceptual illusion C) Extrasensory perception D) Selective attention

A

The ponzo illusion demonstrates that the human mind judges object size based on? A) Background and context B) Actual size C) Distance only D) Color

C

Deja vu is best described as? A) Familiarity with something that is unfamiliar B) Unfamiliarity with something familiar C) Inappropriate impression of familiarity with an undefined past D) Knowledge of future events

D

The Big Five personality traits include all EXCEPT? A) Openness B) Conscientiousness C) Neuroticism D) Authoritarianism

B

According to Adler, the primary human motive is? A) Sexual gratification B) Striving for superiority C) Self-actualization D) Unconditional positive regard

C

The Myer-Briggs Type Indicator is based on the theories of which psychologist? A) Sigmund Freud B) Abraham Maslow C) Carl Jung D) B.F. Skinner

A

In the Myer-Briggs typology, the dichotomy of Sensing vs. Intuition refers to? A) How information is perceived B) How decisions are made C) How one interacts with the world D) How one structures life

D

Which personality disorder is characterized by manipulative, impulsive, and self-damaging behavior? A) Narcissistic B) Histrionic C) Antisocial D) Borderline

B

Which personality disorder is characterized by excessive self-importance and a need for admiration? A) Histrionic B) Narcissistic C) Schizoid D) Dependent

C

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) is distinguished from OCD in that OCPD? A) Involves obsessions and compulsions B) Is an anxiety disorder C) Is a personality pattern with rigidity and perfectionism D) Involves severe anxiety

A

According to Carl Rogers, unconditional positive regard from parents leads to? A) Greater self-acceptance B) Greater dependence C) Increased anxiety D) Stronger defense mechanisms

D

What is the ideal self according to Rogers? A) How others see you B) How you actually are C) How you think others see you D) Who you would like to be

C

The Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrated the powerful influence of? A) Genetic factors B) Personality traits C) Situational roles and norms D) Biological drives

B

Milgram's obedience study found that participants were most likely to obey the experimenter when? A) The learner was visible B) The authority figure was perceived as legitimate C) The instructions were given in writing D) The learner was remote

A

Which type of social influence involves changing behavior to fit in with the group? A) Normative B) Informational C) Obedience D) Persuasion

D

Groupthink is most likely to occur when? A) There is high diversity B) The group is small C) Members are encouraged to dissent D) There is perceived unanimity

C

The bystander effect is explained by the concept of? A) Social facilitation B) Group polarization C) Diffusion of responsibility D) Deindividuation

B

According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, which component involves physical attraction? A) Intimacy B) Passion C) Commitment D) Liking

A

Consummate love in Sternberg's theory involves all EXCEPT? A) Friendship B) Intimacy C) Passion D) Commitment

D

According to Maslow's hierarchy, the need for friendship and affection belongs to which level? A) Safety B) Esteem C) Cognitive D) Belongingness

C

Intrinsic motivation refers to engaging in an activity for? A) External rewards B) Social approval C) Personal satisfaction D) To avoid punishment

B

In operant conditioning, negative reinforcement involves? A) Adding an aversive stimulus to decrease behavior B) Removing an aversive stimulus to increase behavior C) Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior D) Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior

A

In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when? A) CS is presented repeatedly without US B) US is presented without CS C) CS and US are paired repeatedly D) A new neutral stimulus is introduced

C

Bandura's Bobo doll experiment demonstrated which type of learning? A) Classical conditioning B) Operant conditioning C) Observational learning D) Insight learning

D

The Kubler-Ross model of grief includes which stages? A) Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance B) Denial, acceptance, bargaining, depression, anger C) Anger, denial, bargaining, acceptance, depression D) All of the above

B

Type A personality is characterized by? A) Relaxed and easy-going B) Impatient, competitive, anger-prone C) Passive and dependent D) Creative and spontaneous

C

In the DSM-5, schizophrenia is characterized by symptoms present for at least? A) 1 month B) 3 months C) 6 months D) 1 year

A

The Four A's of schizophrenia (Bleuler) include all EXCEPT? A) Hallucinations B) Autism C) Ambivalence D) Associations

D

Alogia, avolition, and anhedonia are examples of which type of schizophrenia symptoms? A) Positive symptoms B) Psychotic symptoms C) Cognitive symptoms D) Negative symptoms

B

Bipolar II disorder is characterized by at least one major depressive episode and at least one? A) Manic episode B) Hypomanic episode C) Mixed episode D) Psychotic episode

C

In anxiety disorders, distress is characterized by anxiety that? A) Is normal B) Enhances functioning C) Interferes with functioning D) Is brief and mild

A

Which phobia is the fear of enclosed spaces? A) Claustrophobia B) Acrophobia C) Agoraphobia D) Arachnophobia

D

Body dysmorphic disorder is characterized by preoccupation with? A) Weight B) Food intake C) Physical pain D) Perceived defects in appearance

B

Anorexia nervosa is characterized by all EXCEPT? A) Self-induced starvation B) Binge eating and purging C) Morbid fear of fatness D) Distorted body image

C

Dissociative identity disorder is formerly known as? A) Schizophrenia B) Bipolar disorder C) Multiple personality disorder D) Depersonalization disorder

A

In neurology, a patient who is drowsy but awakens to stimulation is described as? A) Lethargic B) Obtunded C) Stuporous D) Comatose

D

According to Freud, the life instinct is called? A) Thanatos B) Libido C) Aggression D) Eros

B

Carl Jung's concept of the collective unconscious refers to? A) Personal repressed memories B) Universal memory traces common to all humans C) The unconscious of a particular culture D) Childhood memories

C

According to Sheldon's somatotypes, a thin, delicate individual is classified as? A) Mesomorph B) Endomorph C) Ectomorph D) Viscerotonic

A

What is the primary function of the thalamus? A) Sensory relay center B) Memory formation C) Emotion regulation D) Motor coordination

B

Which sociological perspective views society as a complex system whose parts work together to maintain stability? A) Conflict theory B) Functionalism C) Symbolic interactionism D) Feminist theory

D

Karl Marx is associated with which sociological perspective? A) Functionalism B) Symbolic interactionism C) Structuralism D) Conflict theory

C

According to Durkheim, which type of suicide results from being cut off from mainstream society? A) Altruistic B) Fatalistic C) Egoistic D) Anomic

A

What is the sociological imagination as defined by C. Wright Mills? A) Understanding how personal troubles relate to public issues B) Imagining oneself in another's position C) Studying society through observation D) Predicting social change

D

Verstehen, as used by Max Weber, refers to? A) Statistical analysis B) Objective measurement C) Social facts D) Understanding social action from an insider's point of view

B

Which type of norm carries moral significance and violation leads to serious consequences? A) Folkways B) Mores C) Laws D) Taboos

C

The term "Gemeinschaft" refers to? A) Rational, impersonal society B) Large-scale organization C) Community with personal social ties D) Bureaucratic system

A

According to Merton's strain theory, a person who accepts cultural goals but rejects institutional means is called? A) Innovator B) Conformist C) Ritualist D) Retreatis

B

Who is considered the Father of Sociology? A) Karl Marx B) Auguste Comte C) Emile Durkheim D) Max Weber

A

Which sociologist coined the term "positivism" and advocated for the scientific study of social patterns? A) Auguste Comte B) Herbert Spencer C) C. Wright Mills D) Émile Durkheim

C

According to Karl Marx, the owners of the means of production are called the? A) Proletariat B) Lumpenproletariat C) Bourgeoisie D) Petit bourgeoisie

D

Which sociologist likened society to the human body, with parts working together to maintain stability? A) Marx B) Durkheim C) Weber D) Herbert Spencer

B

Émile Durkheim defined "social facts" as? A) Individual psychological states B) Laws, morals, values, and cultural rules that govern social life C) Economic conditions D) Biological instincts

A

According to Durkheim, what type of suicide results from being overly integrated into society, like a soldier dying for his unit? A) Altruistic suicide B) Egoistic suicide C) Anomic suicide D) Fatalistic suicide

C

Which type of suicide, according to Durkheim, occurs when a person is socially isolated and feels they have no place? A) Altruistic B) Fatalistic C) Egoistic D) Anomic

D

Max Weber's concept of "Verstehen" refers to? A) Statistical analysis B) Objective observation C) Social facts D) Understanding social action from an insider's perspective

B

Weber's "antipositivism" argues that sociological research should be? A) Completely objective B) Subjective when representing social processes and cultural values C) Based only on quantitative data D) Ignore individual meanings

A

C. Wright Mills developed the concept of the "sociological imagination," which is? A) Understanding how personal troubles relate to public issues B) Imagining oneself in another's social position C) Predicting future social trends D) Analyzing individual psychology

D

Which sociological perspective views society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the needs of individuals? A) Conflict theory B) Symbolic interactionism C) Feminist theory D) Structural functionalism

C

Conflict theory, as developed by Marx, focuses on? A) Social stability B) Shared norms and values C) Competition for limited resources D) The meanings individuals attach to symbols