beliefs in society - names

Bruce

growth of science was the greatest challenge to religion in this time period

Weber

describes modernity as a process of disenchantment where the magical and mystical elements of life are eroded as understanding the world based on religion is replaced by scientific explanations

Poppers

argues that a hypothesis must be seen as capable of being proven wrong by empirical evidence then science might replace religions there is no actual existence of God.

Bruce and Heelas

believe we still live live in late modernity

Giddens

argues that late modernity is characterised by rapid social change, believes we have not yet reached postmodernity

Lyotard

the world can no longer be understood by grand metanarratives

Durkheim

studied totemism which he saw as the most basic form of religion

popper

science can be open knowledge system - meaning that scientific knowledge is true until it is falsified.

Kuhn

science is mostly a closed belief system which operates in paradigm

Gramsci (neo-marxist)

claims that the ruling class ideas of society are imposed on the working class - calls this hegemony

Althusser

argues the ideological state apparatus justify and legitimate capitalism

weber

in order to discuss religious organisations, they need to be put into groups weber calls this ideal type - sets of criteria which in an ilea world would meet in order to be classified as that type

Weber

identified characteristics of churches e.g. mainstream, large membership, linked to the state, hierarchy of leaders

Niebuhr

something between a church and a sect called a denomination

Bruce

it is not enough to categorise all new age movements together as they are all different

• new ecology

• new spirituality

• new science

Troeltsh

There are religious belief systems that don’t meet the criteria of churches - sects

wallis

many new religious movements do not fit the criteria of the new traditional types

• world rejecting

• world accommodating

• world affirming

weber

identified churches as the ideal type

Troeltsh

identifies sects and other loose knit type of movements that he referred to as a mysticism

Niebur

identified denominations

Wallis

developed a new typology which had focus on world view

Bruce

says that cults are actually not all the same and as such there needs to be a way to classify the different types