Race and Class Test 2

What does the label Hispanic American refer too?

An individuals first language

What language does Hispanic American refer too?

Spanish

What groups of Hispanic Americans are in the US?

Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Cubans

Who is the second most feared face in the US?

Hispanic Americans

How do the Hispanic Americans believe in the CJ system?

They believe the system works, though due to ICE their opinions are swaying

What type of criminal activity do documented immigrants partake in?

Gangs, High level druge use

What type of criminal activity do undocumented immigrants partake in?

Immigration offenses

What is the fastes growing type of gang in the US? What percentage?

Hispanic Gangs, 47%

What gang was the most structured in Chicago?

Spanish Growth and Development

What type of structure did SGD have?

Centralized with leader with smaller groups spread around with their own leaders

What caused rampant violence in the SGD?

Other gangs using their structure and smaller subdivisions of SGD trying to take over

What happened after the SGD collapse in the mid 90s?

They were left fractured and had a breakdown of gang leadership

What are the 3 similarities in Hispanic gangs today?

Large in size, prison affiliation, funded by narcotic and/or human trafficking

What is the immigrant population?

52 million

What percentage of the immigrant population are legal?

74%

How many immigrants are unauthorized?

14 million

What percentage of unauthorized immigrants are visa overstayers?

42%

How many unauthorized immigrants make up the labor force?

9.7 million

Where are we most likely to find unauthorized immigrants?

Construction, Service jobs, and Agriculture

What did Gundai (2021) find?

Undocumented immigrants are 33% less likely to be institutionalized over US natives

What did Adelman (2021) find?

Negative effects of undocumented immigration on the overall property crime rate and the outcome of violent crime measures are statistically nonsignificant and they concluded immigration either reduces or has no impact on crime

What did Cato Institute (2024) find?

Undocumented immigrants have lower homicide conviction rate in Texas

What did studies in 2024 find?

1.4% of all undocumented removals were related to gang or suspected gang activity (ICE)

What does each letter in the AMP model stand for?

A - Action

M - Means

P - Purpose

What does Action mean in the AMP model?

Transporting, obtaining, recruiting, or holding

What does Means mean in the AMP model?

Must establish that the action and purpose were by force, fraud, or coercion

What does Purpose mean in the AMP model?

Financial gain through labor or sexual exploitation

What is the Federal Law TVPA?

Trafficking victims protection act, state laws have their own laws that must coincide with this law

What characteristic must be present for it to automatically be sex trafficking?

Child under 18 engaged in commercial sex

While discussing human trafficking vs human smuggling, what were the differences discussed?

Smuggling: Person smuggled is considered a criminal, paying for services, free to go after border crossing

Trafficking: Person trafficked is the victim, not paying for a service, not free to go after border crossing

Is trafficking and smuggling mutually exclusive? Why?

No, smuggling can become trafficking

What are types of labor trafficking?

Domestic servants, farm work, factory work, door-to-door sales, restaurants, construction, carnivals, beauty salons

What is the H-2A Visa?

A visa used for immigration status, considered an agricultural visa, temporary

What is the H-2B Visa?

A visa used for immigration status, considered a non-agricultural visa, temporary

What are problems in identification of labor trafficking?

Localized, social misperceptions, insular ethnic communities, language barrier, and fear

What are the problems in prosecuting labor trafficking?

Evidentiary burden, consistency, victims, witness and victims availability, and ensuring a successful prosecution

What are options for available protections for victims of labor trafficking?

T-Visa, U-Visa, and the Temporary Visa

What is the T-Visa?

Allows victims to stay in country for 4 years, allowed to work, and bring family over, but must assist prosecution unless under 18

What is the U-Visa?

Allows to stay in country for 3 years, allowed to work, and bring family over, but must assist prosecution unless under 18

What is the Temporary Visa?

A visa used for victims of labor trafficking that only lasts a year but can reapply

What is 287 (g)?

A policy to allow police to enforce immigration laws that requires training. Crime must occur before you can ask for documents

What is Arizona SB 1070?

Known as “Show me your papers,” allows officers to check immigration status of anyone arrested or detained, but does not require training. Allows officers to stop someone if they believe they are undocumented, profiling

What was the fist known gang in the 1700s?

Irish Immigrants

Who founded the KKK?

Nathan Bentford Forest

What happened in 1919

The “golden era of gangs”, prohibition

What year was the first sign of Black Gangs?

1920

What happened in the 1980s?

The war on drugs

What are the 5 most notorious gangs?

Mexican Mafia, MS-13, Bloods, Latin Kings, Crips

What race/ethnicity is reported to have the greatest percentage of gangs?

Hispanic/Latinx and Black/African American Gangs

Define Gangs

A group of associating individuals with identifiable leadership, claiming control over territory, and engaging in violent or other forms of illegal behavior

Who’s definition of gangs do we follow

Walter Miller

Who was Frederick Thrasher?

A researcher who would not give a definition of gangs and said ever gang is unique, does not believe there is a general type of gang

How do gangs form according to Frederick Thrasher?

Step 1: They meet face to face

Step 2: Milling (Hanging out)

Step 3: They start to move as a unit

Step 4: Conflict

Step 5: Planning

What did John Hagedorn do that was different from others?

He spoke to gang members to help define gangs

What is John Hagedorn’s working definition of gangs?

Gangs are organizations of the street, composed of either the socially excluded or the alienated and demoralized elements of the dominant racial, ethnic, or religious group

What is the main activity of gangs?

Hanging out/Loitering

Define “Fighting Gangs” as it relates to gangs

15 y/o start to move out

Define “Survival” as it relates to gangs

16-17 y/o just trying to survive

Define “Hustling” as it relates to gangs

Selling drugs to stealing

Define “Aging gang members” as it relates to gangs

Starting around 18 y/o they start to engage in crime networks, still for survival

Define “Organized crime network” as it relates to gangs

Possible but not probable, just concerned about making it day to day

What is Framing?

All members of the stigmatized group are reduced to a single simplistic and hated stereotype

What are the four subtypes of gang members?

Dope Fiend: Drugs define their life

Legit: Come from convention family backgrounds and join for the thrill

New Jack: Hustlers, have trouble settling down

Homeboy: Centered on family life

What are the four ideas of social bond theory?

Attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief

Who created the social bond theory?

Travis Hirschi

What case had the ruling that the death penalty is cruel and unusual if it is too severe for the crime, if it was arbitrary, if it offended society’s sense of justice, or if it was not more effective than a less severe penalty, leading to the nation moratorium being put in place?

Furman v. Georgia

What case had the ruling that the death penalty does not violate ht 8th and 14th amendment in all circumstances leading to the death penalty reinstated?

Gregg v. Georgia

What are method of execution?

Lethal injection, gas chambers, electric chair, firing squad, and hanging

How many executions since 1976 in Illinois?

1,684

What makes an aggravated circumstance regarding the victim?

First responder, child, or a group

What did McClesky claim in McClesky vs. Kemp?

The death penalty is discriminatory and cruel and unusual

What is the Baldus Study?

A study that looked at 2484 murders and non-negligent manslauders in Georgia during 1973-1979, looking at the statistics about the victims

What did the Baldus Study find?

Cases where the victim was white are more likely to have the death penalty imposed

Was the Baldus Study valid?

Yes

3 reasons the majority ignored the Baldus Study?

Desire to ensure sentencing discretion, existence of statutory safeguards, the fear of widespread challenged to other sentencing decisions

Why is the race of victim so important?

threat to racial stratification, devaluation of black victims

Which race has the highest death row population? Least?

Black, Other

What race is the highest regarding being the victim? Least

White, Hispanic/Latinx

Which pairing has more persons executed for interracial murders?

Black defendant/White victim

What percentage of death row inmates are black?

54%

What are the three levels of understanding the social identity?

Personal, Biological, Structural

What are the three parts of interconnectedness?

Identity, morality, and law in action

How do jurors reassure their decisions?

Blame it on the group, base their decision on neutral legal order