Diversity and Climate Change

What is species richness

The number of different species present in a community

Simple count does not consider _______ differences

abundance

According to species richness, the species must be ______

different

What is an example of species richness

A forest with 10 species of trees > a forest with 5 species of trees

What is another name for

equitability

What is equitability

How individuals are distributed among the species present

If one species makes up 90% of individuals, the evenness is ____

low

If all species have roughly the same number, the evenness is _____

high

What does it mean to have high diversity

Many species that grow in roughly equal abundance

What are some examples of high diversity

coral reefs

tropical rainforest

High richness and high evenness = ________

high density

Low richness and low evenness = ________

low density

Shannon Index ranges from _____

0 to infinity

What is the equation for Shannon Index

H’ = -sum(pi ln(pi))

For Shannon Index, what does Pi mean

proportion of individuals in x species

What is the low range of Shannon Index

0.5

What is the moderate range of Shannon Index

1.5 - 2.5

What is the high range of Shannon Index

2.5+

What is the equation for Simpsons D index

D = sum(pi²)

What does D stand for in Simpsons D Index

Dominance

Higher D =

lower diversity

Lower D =

higher diversity

What is the index range of Simpsons D Index

0 - 1

For Simpsons D Index, what does pi stand for

proportion each species makes up

Globally speaking, where is diversity the highest

near the equator

Globally speaking, where is diversity the lowest

near the poles

deserts

The global trends in biodiversity are consistent across many ______

taxa

More types of habitat = more ______

niches

What is an example of habitat diversity

mountains

What is an example of habitat diversity in Europe

fewer tree species due to repeated glaciations

What is an example of habitat diversity in North America?

more mountains running north to south

In Europe, what direction do mountain ranges run

east to west

Why are over half of all species occurring in ~ 1% of Earth’s land?

Time and Area

Tropical Conservation

Productivity

Spatial Heterogeneity

Evolutionary Time

Evolutionary Speed

Climatic Stability

Intermediate Disturbance

What is “Time and Area”?

Long-term stability and large continuous areas promote speciation

Greater tropic areas in the past have allowed for

large species ranges and less extinction

According to “Time and Area”, larger areas =

more individuals, and greater genetic variation

_______ stability allows lineages to accumulate over time

Extended

What is “Conservatism”

Many species originated in the tropics, and never left

What is an example of conservatism

adaptations to warm, wet climates make it hard to colonize temperate regions

Where do most lineages still live

near their evolutionary origins

What is “Productivity”

more sunlight and more rainfall in tropical areas allow for more plant biomass

According to productivity, there is ______ photosynthesis

increased

High primary productivity supports more _________

complex food webs

Abundant food means _______ extinction risk

less

Abundant food allows more individuals to be able to ______

coexist

What is “Spatial Heterogeneity”

Variation in habitat (light, temperature, moisture) provides many niches

Spatial heterogeneity is common especially on mountains, when vacation occurs as elevation _______

increases

Rainforests allow __________ depending on location in canopy layer

different niches

Variation prevents one species from ________

dominating

What is “Evolutionary Time”

Tropics are extremely cold

What is “Evolutionary Speed”

Evolution occurs faster in warm climates

Evolutionary time allows for more time to _________

evolve and diversify

There are ______ mass extinctions in the tropics as compared to temperate regions

fewer

Many tropical areas can be dated back to the _______

Cretaceous

Mutations _____ with temperature

increase

Faster reproduction =

more generations per time unit

What is “Climate Stability”

tropical climates vary less than temperate climates

A decrease in extinctions allows for _________

niche specialization

Tropical stability ______ many narrowly adapted species

supports

What is Disturbance Timing

how often disturbance happens

Too Little Disturbance Timing:

competitive exclusion (one species dominates)

Too Much Disturbance Timing:

species cannot establish

Intermediate Disturbance Timing:

mix of colonizers (pioneers) and specialists coexisting

What is weather

current state of the atmosphere at any given time

What is climate

long-term weather conditions

Climate includes _______

variability

What is climate change

directional change in climate over a period of time

There are at least ____ decades in climate change

three

Earth is experiencing _____ climate change

significant

The average global surface temperature increases by ______ between 1880 and 2020

1.1 C

What are reasons for climate change

glacier loss

sea level rise

extreme weather

ecosystem shift

food and water insecurity

Climate changing is causing _____ in high latitude

more precipitation

Climate change is causing ________ in the subtropics and tropics

drier weather

Climate change is causing ______ of heat waves and severe hurricanes

higher frequencies

Climate change is causing glaciers to _____

retreat/melt

Climate change is causing the _____ of polar ice caps

thinning

Climate change is causing permafrost to ______

melt

Climate change is causing sea levels to ______

rise

Deserts are getting ______

dryer

Temperate areas are getting _____

wetter

What are some examples of anthropogenic

fossil fuel burning

deforestation

agricultural process

greenhouse gases

What are some examples of fossil fuels

coal, oil, natural gas

Agricultural processes changes the amount of ______ that is absorbed/reradiated back into space

sunlight

What do greenhouse gasses do

trap heat on Earth

What country emits the highest amount of greenhouse gases

China

What country emits the lowest amount of greenhouse gases

Brazil

The US ranks _____ in the major greenhouse gas emitters worldwide

second

In terms of countries, what countries have the highest emissions

China

USA

India

EU

Russia

Brazil

In terms of countries, what countries have the lowest emissions

Anguilla

Dominica

Falkland Islands

Faroe Islands

Grenada

What countries have the highest greenhouse gas emissions per capita

Palau

Falkland Islands

Qatar

Kuwait

Bahrain

Brunei

What countries have the lowest greenhouse gas emissions per capita

Rwanda

Burundi

DRC

Afghanistan

Gambia

Sierra Leone

Climate change causes _____ impacts

food chain

What is an example of how climate change affects food chains

polar bears hunt seals, but now seals surface in open ocean, instead of in holes in ice

Climate change can cause the ocean to

acidify

What causes the ocean to acidify

increase in carbon dioxide levels

What is seen because of ocean acidification

coral bleaching

Climate change affects ______ organisms

terrestrial

____ of insects will loose at least ½ of their geographic range with 1.5 C increase

6%

____ of plants will loose at least ½ of their geographic range with 1.5 C increase

8%

____ of vertebrates will loose at least ½ of their geographic range with 1.5 C increase

4%