pubh chapter 4 review

social determinants of health

non-medical factors, such as where people are born, grow, live, work, and age, that heavily influence health outcomes and health inequities

micro issues

how individuals deal with their personal circumstances (knowledge, attitude, beliefs, personality traits)

meso issues

how individuals come together in small groups (family, friends, peers, school, church, clubs)

macro issues

how individuals are grouped and organized by structural forces (politics, economy, housing, healthcare, environment)

socioeconomic status

the position of individuals or groups within a hierarchical social structure that dictates their capacity to act in their self interest and achieve preferred ends- shaped by personal attributes, wealth, education, etc. and acts as a major determinant of life chances

as SES decreases, rates of mortality and morbidity increase

health gradient

gini coefficient

measure of social equality, shows that societies with high income inequality tend to experience lower overall life expectancy and higher age-adjusted mortality rates

karl marx

emphasized economic determinism (how goods/services are produced shapes society) and class conflict between those who labor and those who control production, leading to worker alienation

emile durkheim

focused on social solidarity (cohesion through interdependence) and the division of labor

max weber

highlighted rationality (efficiency and bureaucracy driving modern life) alongside economic structure

decision-making, agenda-setting, preference-shaping

forms of power in which inequalities are maintained

decision making

marx- ability to compel involuntary action through physical, material, or psychological force

agenda setting

weber- ability to compel action/inaction through application of procedures and practices that define what is/isn’t a legitimate call for action

preference shaping

durkheim- ability to endorse/advance action through adherence to a moral values and beliefs system

social isolation/integration, social capital, social clustering

other social factors that explain differences in health/response to disease

social isolation/integration

lacking meaningful social relationships carries health risks that rival well-established hazards like smoking, physical inactivity, and obesity

social capital

the invisible glue that holds society together- the resources available within communities through family, workplace, and civic networks

bonding

“getting by” through trust among similar people

bridging

“getting ahead” through diverse networks

linking

connecting to power and authority

social clustering

happiness and health behaviors (such as weight status or smoking) cluster within social networks; your personal health behaviors and wellbeing are influence by connections/network ties

individual, interpersonal, community, institutional, public policy

multilevel approach to changing health behavior

behaviors with substitutions, short-term, low-cost

actions that are easiest to change

behaviors tied to addiction, culture, high costs, environmental constraints

actions that are hardest to change

health belief model

assesses whether an individual is ready to change based on perceived susceptibility and severity/benefits and barriers, and cues to action/self-efficacy

perceived susceptibility and severity

part of the HBM: do i believe i am at risk, and is the illness serious?

perceived benefits and barriers

part of the HBM: will the new behavior help, and what stands in the way?

cues to action and self efficacy

part of the HBM: triggers that prompt action and the individual’s confidence in their ability to succeed

interpersonal and social learning theories

group behaviors shift when social norms, peer expectations, and community environments change

diffusion of innovation

explains how new ideas or health practices spread through a population via communication channels and community networks

interpersonal/social learning theories, conformity/influence, diffusion of innovation

how group behaviors can be changed

precede-proceed

comprehensive planning model that evaluates community needs across social, epidemiological, behavioral, environmental, educational, and administrative dimensions before implementing and evaluating large-scale interventions

stages of change model

change is recognized as a recurring, cyclical process rather than a straight line

precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance (relapse)

stages of stages of change model

precontemplation

stages of change: the need for change is not recognized and behavior change is not considered

contemplation

stages of change: the need for change is recognized, and change is actively considered

preparation

stages of change: a specific plan for action is formulated

action

stages of change: the actual behavior change is undertaken

maintenance

stages of change: adjustments are made to sustain the new behavior over time

relapse

falling back into old habits, which frequently loops individuals back into earlier stages before trying again