health assessment test 2

What does lymphadenopathy mean?

Enlarged or abnormal lymph nodes.

What is a goiter?

An enlarged thyroid gland.

What does normocephalic mean?

A head that is normal in size and shape.

What is vertigo?

A sensation that you or your surroundings are spinning.

What is dizziness?

A sensation of lightheadedness or unsteadiness.

What is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?

The joint connecting the mandible to the skull.

What is the function of the temporal artery?

Supplies blood to the temporal region of the head.

What does cranial nerve VII control?

Facial expressions and facial muscle movement.

How is cranial nerve VII tested?

Ask the patient to smile, frown, and raise their eyebrows.

What is the function of cranial nerve II?

Vision; it is the optic nerve.

What is accommodation?

The eyes adjust focus between near and distant objects.

What is mydriasis?

Dilation of the pupils.

What is miosis?

Constriction of the pupils.

What is diplopia?

Double vision.

What is nystagmus?

Involuntary, rhythmic eye movements.

What is ptosis?

Drooping of the upper eyelid.

What is exophthalmos?

Abnormal protrusion of the eyeball.

What is strabismus?

Misalignment of the eyes.

What is presbyopia?

Age-related difficulty focusing on nearby objects.

What is a cataract?

Clouding of the eye's lens.

What is glaucoma?

Optic nerve damage, often associated with increased eye pressure.

What is conjunctivitis?

Inflammation of the conjunctiva.

What is papilledema?

Swelling of the optic disc.

What is photophobia?

Abnormal sensitivity to light.

What is age-related macular degeneration?

Damage to the macula that affects central vision.

What does PERRLA stand for?

Pupils Equal, Round, Reactive to Light and Accommodation.

Which cranial nerves control extraocular eye movements?

CN III (oculomotor), IV (trochlear), and VI (abducens).

What does the corneal light reflex assess?

Eye alignment by observing reflected light on both corneas.

What is the red reflex?

A reddish-orange reflection from the retina seen through the pupil.

What does cranial nerve III control?

Most eye movements, eyelid elevation, and pupil constriction.

What does cranial nerve IV control?

The superior oblique eye muscle.

What does cranial nerve VI control?

The lateral rectus muscle, which moves the eye outward.

What is cerumen?

Earwax that protects the ear canal.

What is otalgia?

Ear pain.

What is otitis?

Inflammation of the ear.

What is otorrhea?

Discharge from the ear.

What is tinnitus?

Perception of ringing or other sounds without an external source.

What is presbycusis?

Age-related hearing loss.

What is otosclerosis?

Abnormal bone growth in the middle ear that can cause hearing loss.

What is the auricle (pinna)?

The visible external part of the ear.

What is the tympanic membrane?

The eardrum; it vibrates in response to sound.

What is the function of the eustachian tube?

Equalizes pressure between the middle ear and nasopharynx.

What is the function of the outer ear?

Collects and directs sound waves into the ear canal.

What is the function of the middle ear?

Transmits and amplifies sound vibrations through the ossicles.

What is the function of the inner ear?

Responsible for hearing and balance.

What is conductive hearing loss?

Sound transmission is impaired in the outer or middle ear.

What is sensorineural hearing loss?

Damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve.

What is equilibrium?

The body's ability to maintain balance.

What is dysphagia?

Difficulty swallowing.

What is epistaxis?

Bleeding from the nose.

What is rhinorrhea?

A runny nose or nasal discharge.

What is rhinitis?

Inflammation of the nasal mucosa.

What is sinusitis?

Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses.

What is gingivitis?

Inflammation of the gums.

What is halitosis?

Unpleasant breath odor.

What is xerostomia?

Abnormally dry mouth.

What is leukoplakia?

A white patch in the mouth that cannot be rubbed off.

What is leukoedema?

A benign, whitish appearance of the oral mucosa.

What is exudate?

Fluid, often containing cells or debris, produced by inflammation.

What are the nares?

The external openings of the nose.

What is the nasal septum?

The wall dividing the nasal cavity into two sides.

What is the function of nasal turbinates?

Warm, humidify, and filter inhaled air.

What is the function of ciliated nasal mucosa?

Moves mucus and trapped particles toward the throat.

What are the frontal and maxillary sinuses?

Air-filled spaces in the frontal bone and maxilla.

What is the function of the tonsils?

Help protect against pathogens entering through the mouth and nose.

Which cranial nerve is responsible for smell?

CN I, the olfactory nerve.

How is CN I tested?

Have the patient identify a familiar odor with each nostril.

Which cranial nerves help assess swallowing?

CN IX (glossopharyngeal) and CN X (vagus).

What does CN XII control?

Tongue movement; it is the hypoglossal nerve.

How is CN XII tested?

Ask the patient to protrude the tongue and move it side to side.

What are common signs of acute rhinitis?

Nasal congestion, sneezing, and nasal discharge.

What is allergic rhinitis?

Nasal inflammation caused by an allergic response.

What is epistaxis commonly called?

A nosebleed.

What are risk factors for oral cancer?

Tobacco use, heavy alcohol use, and HPV infection.

What oral findings may suggest cancer?

A persistent ulcer, red or white patch, or unexplained lump.

What does axillary mean?

Relating to the armpit.

What is a mammogram?

An X-ray examination of breast tissue.

What is menarche?

The first menstrual period.

What is menopause?

The permanent cessation of menstruation.

What is postmenopause?

The period after menopause.

What does menstrual mean?

Relating to menstruation.

What is the tail of Spence?

An extension of breast tissue into the axilla.

What are the four breast quadrants?

Upper outer, upper inner, lower outer, and lower inner.

What is the purpose of breast self-examination?

To become familiar with breast appearance and detect changes.

What should patients look for during breast self-examination?

New lumps, skin changes, nipple changes, or unusual discharge.

What is Peau d'orange?

Dimpled breast skin resembling an orange peel.

What breast finding requires medical evaluation?

A new lump, nipple retraction, or unexplained skin changes.

What is the purpose of testicular self-examination?

To notice unusual changes or lumps in the testicles.

What is a risk factor for testicular cancer?

A history of an undescended testicle.

What is a normal testicular self-examination finding?

Smooth, firm testicles without hard lumps.

What abnormal finding should be reported during TSE?

A painless lump, swelling, or change in testicular size.

When should testicular self-examination be performed?

Regularly, often monthly, after a warm shower.

What is crepitation?

A crackling or grating sensation or sound.

What are fontanels?

Soft membranous spaces between an infant's skull bones.

What are nasolabial folds?

Creases extending from the sides of the nose to the mouth.

What is the palpebral fissure?

The opening between the upper and lower eyelids.

What is the tragus?

The small projection of cartilage in front of the ear canal.

What is the mastoid process?

A bony prominence behind the ear.

What is the purpose of the lacrimal apparatus?

Produces and drains tears.

What is the conjunctiva?

A thin membrane lining the eyelids and covering the front of the sclera.