Anatomy and Physiology 9 weeks test Study Guide

Skeletal Muscle

Cylindrical, striated, multinucleated, voluntarily controlled.

Cardiac Muscle

Branched, striated, uninucleated, involuntarily controlled.

Smooth Muscle

Arranged in layers, nonstriated, uninucleated, involuntarily controlled.

Hematoma

Forms when blood enters the wound and cells begin to die.

Callus Formation

Blood vessels grow and cartilage forms to hold the bone together.

Callus Ossification

Spongy bone forms to replace the cartilage.

Compact Bone Formation

Osteoclasts form a larger medullary cavity; spongy bone is converted to compact bone.

Skeletal System

Provides support and protection, gives body shape. Includes bones, ligaments, cartilage, joints.

Nervous System

Detects impulses from the senses; control center. Includes brain, spinal cord, senses, and nerves.

Circulatory System

Transports nutrients and gases around the body. Includes heart, blood, blood vessels.

Respiratory System

Exchanges gases; includes lungs, sinuses, and diaphragm.

Digestive System

Breaks down and absorbs food. Includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and gallbladder.

Muscular System

Provides movement for all parts of the body. Includes skeletal and smooth muscles.

Integumentary System

Protects the body, regulates temperature, and prevents water loss. Includes skin, hair, nails.

Lymphatic System

Fights infection and provides fluid for cells. Includes spleen, thymus gland, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes.

Excretory System

Removes waste from the blood. Includes kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra.

Endocrine System

Secretes hormones. Includes glands such as hypothalamus, pineal, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, thymus, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries or testes.

Reproductive System

Produces cells used in sexual reproduction. Female: ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands. Male: testes, penis, prostate gland.

Metabolism

Building larger molecules from small ones and breaking down larger molecules into small ones.

Active Transport

Moves molecules from low concentration to high concentration. It requires energy.

Passive Transport

Moves molecules naturally from high concentration to low concentration, which does not require energy.

Epithelial Tissue

Lining tissue that forms the boundary between our body and the external environment. Functions include protection, absorption, filtration, secretion.

Connective Tissue

Provides support and binds other tissues together. Can provide insulation and protection for other tissues.

Merocrine Glands

Cells excrete the products via exocytosis.

Apocrine Glands

A portion of the cell pinches off with the secreted products.

Holocrine Glands

Cells rupture and spill products into the duct.

Neurons

Converts stimuli into nerve impulses.

Neuroglia

Support & protect neurons.

Vascularity

The presence of blood cells.

Blood Cells

Red Blood Cells- erythrocytes (carry oxygen). White Blood Cells- leukocytes (provide immune response).

Epidermis

The top layer of the skin composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue.

Dermis

Composed of 2 layers: the papillary layer made of loose connective tissue and the reticular layer made of bundles of collagen fibers.

Hypodermis

Also known as the subcutaneous layer. Composed of loose, fatty connective tissue that connects the skin to muscle or bone.

Melanocytes

Spider-shaped epithelial cells that produce a pigment called melanin.

Lines of Cleavage

Important to surgeons; cuts should be made parallel to these lines for quicker healing.

Sudoriferous Glands

Sweat glands; include eccrine and apocrine types.

Sebaceous Glands

Produce sebum (oil) and are holocrine glands.

Hematopoiesis

Production of red & white blood cells from red bone marrow.

Epiphyseal Plate

A thin layer of internal cartilage called the growth plate.

Articular Cartilage

Covers the ends of the epiphyses, providing smooth movement of joints.

Medullary Cavity

A hollow cavity found in the diaphysis of the long bone.

Periosteum

The outer layer of bone made of tough connective tissue.

Trabeculae

Lattice of spongy bone found along lines of stress.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that make up the majority of the bone structure.

Osteoblasts

Cells that produce new bone.

Osteoclasts

Cells that break down new bone.

Ossification

The process of incorporating calcium & minerals into cartilage to become bone.

Axial Skeleton

Central axis of the body; includes skull, ribs, sternum, and vertebrae.

Appendicular Skeleton

Includes pectoral & pelvic girdles, bones of the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulders.

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone.

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone.