Lab Exam II

Identify and define digestive system

1) Mouth and teeth - ingestion of food and mechanical digestion. Saliva begins chemical digestion

2.) Tongue - muscle that manipulates food and contains taste buds

3.) salivary glands - secrete salvia for moistening food and amylase to digest carbohydrates

4.) pharynx - area in throat where food and air pathways cross

5.) esophagus - muscular tube that moves food via peristalsis from pharynx to stomach

6.) stomach - store food and contributes HCl and pepsin for digestion

7.) Small intestine (duodenum) - first section of small intestine, most chemical digestion with help from secretions of pancreas, liver, and gall bladder

8.) small intestine (jejuno-ileum) - jejunum and ileum - absorption of nutrients from food into blood

9.) large intestine (colon) - absorption of water

10.) rectum - feral matter is stored just prior to elimination via anus

11.) liver - produces bile, stores glycogen, detoxifying harmful molecules in blood

12.) gallbladder - concentrates bile and secretes as needed into duodenum

13.) pancreas - both exocrine and endocrine tissues. Exocrine portion secretes digestive enzymes and alkaline fluid into duodenum.

Respiratory vs Circulatory system

Respiratory - gas exchange with environment

Circulatory - gas movement within body

Cursorial Definition and modifications

Running - limbs directly under body, clavicle reduced or absent.

2 subtypes of cursorial definition and modifications

Digitigrade - walks on toes, lengthens limbs and reduces size of foot

Unguligrade - “tip toe” fusion of meta carpals and meta tarsals

Layers of artery and vein and what they are made of

Tunica intima - epithelium, dark purple stained internal elastic membrane

Tunica media - smooth muscle, more prominent in arteries than veins

Tunica adentitia - scattered mix of collagenous and elastic fibers

Saltatorial definition and modifications

Jumping - hind legs significantly longer than forelimbs. Hindlimbs used for jumping, forelimbs used for balancing/landing

Axial vs Appendicular skeleton

Axial skeleton - midline of body, skull, vertebrae, and ribs

Appendicular - limbs and supporting bones

Volant Definition and modifications

Flying - metacarpals and phalanges elongates to support skin that make up wing

Fossorial Definition and modifications

Digging/burrowing - thick and strong forelimbs for burrowing, wide bones, long claws, thicker forelimbs than hindlimbs

Plantigrade Definition and Modifications

Walking - walk on entire foot including phalanges, metatarsals, some tarsals. Large area of stability

Arboreal definition and modifications

Climbing - elongated forelimbs for large arc of rotation, large and prominent clavicle, long digits.

Homodont vs heterodont

Heterodont - different types of teeth

Homodont - all teeth have same shape

3 diets through teeth identification

Herbivores - flat premolars and molars, little or no canines. Prominent incisors

Carnivores - small incisors, premolars into carnassial shape. Molars either reduced or absent or in carnassial shape

Omnivore - both features of herbivores and carnivores: flat molars, carnassial premolars.

Three layers of tooth

Enamel - outer layer of tooth, mineralized but brittle

Dentin - less mineralized not as heart as enamels and also less brittle. Support underneath enamel

Dental pulp - tissue, blood vessels, nerves

Mammal spine sections

Cervical: skull to rib

Thoracic: ribs/chest

Lumbar: lower back, no ribs

Sacral: pelvis area

Caudal: tail

Human caudal: coccyx

Identify these bones (appendicular and axial)

1. Atlas

2. Suprascapula

3. Coracoid

4. Trunk vertebrae

5. Sacral vertebrae

6. Urostyle

7. Clavicle

8. Humerus

9. Radioulna

10. ilium

11. ischium

12. pubis

13. femur

14. tibiofibula

15. astragalus

16. calcaneum

Bones of pelvic girdle

Illium

Ischium

Pubis

Bird clavicle

Furcula

Premaxilla vs maxilla

Premaxilla - front teeth

Maxilla - back teeth

What is the jaw called and what bones make it up?

Mandible and made of two dentaries (singular: dentary)

“Great hole” in back of skull term and definition

Foramen magnum - opening in skull so spinal cord may connect to brain

Fused structure composed of carpals and meta carpals

Carpometacarpus

First two bones of cervical vertebrae and function

Atlas (first) - up and down movement

Axis (second) - left and right movement

2 different types of ribs term and definition

Sternal ribs - attached to sternum

Pleural ribs - attached to thoracic vertebrae

General mammalian forelimbs bones

Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

General mammalian hindlimb bones

Femur, tibia, fibula, patella(kneecap), tarsals(ankles), metatarsals, phalanges

What allows the skull to articulate with first vertebrae

Occipital condyles

Skeletal system definition

Organ system composed of bone and cartilage that supports vertebrate body

Neural vs haemal

Neural - notochord (nervous system)

Haemal - blood

Identify what this entire structure is and what the numbers are

Lung and Bronchiole

1.) lumen of bronchiole

2.) epithelial tissue

3.) hyaline cartilage

4.) smooth muscle

5.) alveoli

Identify this image and what the numbers are

Artery and Vein

1.) lumen of artery

2.) internal elastic membrane

3.) tunica intima - epithelial layer

4.) tunica media - smooth muscle

5.) tunica adventitia - mix of collagenous and elastic fibers

Artery vs Vein

Artery - away From heart, more smooth muscle and more circular

Vein - towards heart, less smooth muscle, more flattened/collapsed

Enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates

Amylase

Stomach major layers and what they are made of

1.) Mucosa - epithelial and gastric glands

2.) submucosa - fibrous connective tissue

3.) muscularis externa - smooth muscle

4.) serosa - adipose and loose connective tissue

Identify this image and the numbers

Stomach layers

1.) lumen of stomach

2.) gastric pits

4.) mucosa

5.)muscularis mucosae

6.)submucosa

7.) muscularis externa

8.) serosa

9.) gastric glands

Cells in gastric glands, what they produce and what part of the gastric gland they in

Parietal cells - produce HCl, found all over gastric glands

Chief cell - produce pepsinogen, found in base of gastric glands

Mucous cells - produce mucus, found in neck of gastric glands

What can denature amylase?

Acid.

Organs of mammalian circulatory system and what they do

1.) spleen - destroys old erythrocytes and produces lymphocytes, in infants it also produces erythrocytes

2.) heart - muscular organ that elevates blood pressure in blood vessels to pump blood throughout body

3 vessels on aorta and where they lead to

(Left) brachiochepalic trunk - right shoulder, upper arm, head

(Middle) left common carotid artery - left side of neck and head

(Right) subclavian artery - left shoulder and upper arm

Reproductive system

Producing offspring

Excretory system

Osmoregulation (maintaining homeostasis in solute concentration of body fluids) and excreting nitrogenous waste

Endocrine system

Produces hormones, molecules that regulate activity of other tissues and organs in body

Three hormones produced by thyroid and functions

Thyroxin (T4)

Triiodothyroxin (T3) - both regulate metabolism

Calcitonin - stimulates storage of calcium in bones

Integumentary system

Outer covering of animal body (skin)

Nervous system

Transmitting and processing information via electrical signals

Three major layers of skin and what type of tissue are they made of

Epidermis - epithelium

Dermis - dense irregular connective tissue

Hypodermis - loose connective tissue and adipose tissue

Epidermis Five sublayers and what they are made of

Stratum corneum - top layer of dead cells

Stratum lucidum - borrow layer of dead cells, semi transparent

Stratum granulosum - top layer of living squamous epithelium, starting to flatten

Stratum spinosum - majority of living squamous epithelium, irregular shape

Stratum basale (or germinativum) - bottom layer of living epithelium cells, currently undergoing mitosis, may appear brown due to melanin

Sublayers of dermis and what they are made of

Papillary layer - upper layer, dermal papillae where dermis pushes up towards epidermis

Reticular - lower layer of dense irregular connective tissue

Sebaceous gland

Secretes oil onto hair

Arrector pili muscle

Muscle attached to hair follicle at angle and erects hair if cold or agitated

Chondrichthyes skin

Placoid scales (dermal denticles)

Lissamphibia skin characteristics

Smooth and moist skin, no scales. Mucous glands in dermis. Poison glands may be found in dermis.

Melanophores

Irregularly shapes cells on dermis that contain Pigment melanin in amphibians

Reptile skin characteristics

Epidermal scales - thick layer of protein keratin

Label the spine sections

1.) cervical

2.) thoracic

3.) lumbar

4.) sacral

5.) caudal

Identify the numbers (axial and appendicular skeleton)

Note: #5 is the hole in the skull

1.) Premaxilla | 2.) maxilla

3.) Mandible/Two dentaries | 4.) occipital condyles

5.) Foramen magnum | 6.) atlas

7.) axis | 8.) scapula

9.) humerus | 10.) ulna

11.) radius | 13.) carpals

14.) metacarpals | 15.) phalanges

16.) sternum | 17.) sternal ribs

18.) pleural ribs | 19.) pubis

20.) ilium | 21.)ischium

22.) femur | 23.) patella

24.) fibula | 25.) tibia

26.) tarsal | 27.) metatarsals

28.) phalanges

Label the numbers ( axial, appendicular, and spine sections)

Note: #2 is the hole in the skull, #3 is adjacent to #2; #11 is specifically the hook on the rib; #14 is the collarbone; #13 is the tip of the structure

1.) mandible | 2.) foramen magnum

3.) occipital condyles | 4.) atlas

5.) axis | 6.) cervical vertebrae

7.) thoracic vertebrae | 8.) synasacrum

9.) caudal vertebrae | 10.) pygostyle

11.) uncinate process | 12.) sternum

13.) keel | 14.) furcula

15,) scapula | 16.) humerus

17.) radius | 18.) ulna

19.) Carpometacarpus | 20.) phalanx

21.) ischium | 22.) ilium

23.) Pubis | 24.) femur

25.) tibia | 26,) tibiotarsus

27.) tarsometatarsus | 28.) phalanges

Label the numbers (axial and appendicular skeleton)

Extra: what is the skull called?

Notes: #1 is upper jaw #2 is lower jaw

1.) palatoquadrate cartilage

2.) meckel’s cartilage

3.) gill arches

5.) vertebrae

6.)pectoral girdle

7.)pectoral fins

8.) dorsal fin

9.) caudal fin

10.) pelvic fins

11.) pelvic girdle

Label the skeleton (axial and appendicular skeleton)

Note: #6 is the vertebrae behind the pelvis

1.) mandible | 2.) foramen magnum

3.) atlas | 4.) axis

5.) dorsal vertebrae | 6.) sacral vertebrae

7.) pleural ribs | 8.) caudal vertebrae

9.) scapula | 10.) coracoid

11.) humerus | 12.) radius

13.) ulna | 14.) carpals

15.) metacarpals | 16.) phalanges

17,) pubua | 18.) ilium

19.) ischium | 20.) fermur

21.) tibia | 22.) fibula

23.) tarsals | 24.) metatarsals

25,) phalanges

Identify this picture and label the numbers

Pacinian corpuscle (whole mount)

1.) lamellated connective tissue

2.) single nerve fiber

3.) fiberblast nuclei

Where would you find a pecinian corpuscle and what are their functions?

They are touch receptors deep within the skin (within the reticular layer of dermis or hypodermis)

What is this image and label the numbers

Taste buds (tongue)

1.) fungiform papillae

2,) taste buds

What is this image of and label the numbers

Meissner’s corpouscle

1.) dermal papillae

2.) epidermis

3.)vertical lamellar of Schwann cells

What is the function of meissner’s corpuscle and where is it found

It is a touch receptor that senses light touch, meaning it’s right under the epidermis, within some dermal papillae

meissner vs pacinian corpuscle

Meissner: in dermal papillae right under epidermis; for light touch

Pacinian: deep within skin reticular layer of dermis or hypodermis; senses pressure or vibrations

What is this image of and label the numbers

1.) hair

2.) hair follicle

3.) sebaceous gland

4.) sweat gland

5.) arrector pili muscle

Organs of mammalian nervous system

Brain - organ of central nervous system located in head; responsible for processing and integrating information

Spinal cord - located along dorsal midline of body, responsible for transmitting reflex responses and relaying info between peripheral nervous systems and brain

Dorsal root ganglion - cluster of nervous tissue just outside spinal cord containing perikarya of sensory neurons; transmits sensory info to central nervous system

Spinal nerve- one of a series of nerves branching off from spinal cord; carry both incoming sensory info and and outgoing motor signals

What is this image of and label the numbers

Neuromuscular junction

1.) motor end plate

2.) axon

3.) muscle fibers

What organ system is this and label the numbers and state their functions

Excretory system

1.) kidneys - filter the blood, maintain osmotic balance in body fluids, and produce urine

2.) ureters - ducts that carry urine to bladder

3.) urinary bladder - expandable pouch that stores urine prior to elimination

4,) urethra - tube which urine is eliminated; in males, tube where semen leaves the penis

What organ system is this and label the numbers and its functions

Note: ignore #3,8,6

1.) vagina - female organ of sexual intercourse and birth canal

2.) cervix - narrow opening of uterus

4.) uterus - where embryo implants and develops

5.) oviduct (fallopian tube) - transports eggs from ovary to uterus. Fertilization usually happens here in humans

7.) ovary - female gonad; produces eggs and sex hormones

What organ system is this and label the numbers and its functions

Male reproductive system

1.) scrotum - sac of skin enclosing testis

2,) testis - male gonad; produces sperm and sex hormones

3.) epididymis - where sperm mature

4.) vas deferens - tube that carries sperm from epididymis toward urethra

5.) seminal vesicles - secrete sticky fluid that contains nutrients for sperm

6.) prostate gland - secrets alkaline fluid that protects sperm in acidic environment of vagina; force with which this fluid is expelled provides some propulsion of ejaculation

7.) bulbourethral glands - secrete mucoid substance (pre-ejaculatory fluid) into urethra to neutralize pH of urine residue and lubricate tip of penis

8.) penis - intromittent organ; contains spongy erectile tissue that fills with blood during arousal to cause erelection.

What is this image of and label the numbers

Thyroid and parathyroid

1.) parathyroid

2.) thyroid

3.) follicles

4.) colloid

What is this image, where can it be found and label the numbers as well as its functions

Pituitary gland (located just below hypothalamus of brain)

1.) anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) - produces and secretes growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, etc. it produces its own hormones

2.) posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) - secretes hormones that are produced with it in specialized neurons (neurosecretory cells)

3.) infundibular stalk - nerve fibers that connect pituitary to hypothalamus

What is this image and what is its function. Label the numbers

Ovary - female gonad; produces gametes and sex hormones.

1.) follicle

2.) follicular cells

3.) oocyte

What structure image is this, what is its functions, and label the numbers

Testis - male gonad, responsible for producing gametes and sex hormones

1.) seminiferous tubules

2.) epididymis

What image is this of, label the numbers and its functions

Penis (cross section)

1.) urethra - tube that carries both semen and urine in males

2.) corpus spongiosum - surrounds urethra and prevents its from being compressed during ejaculation

3.) corpora cavernous - spongy structures that fill with blood during arousal to cause erection

What image is this of, identify the numbers and its functions

Note: #2 is the empty space around #1

Kidneys

1.) glomerulus - ball of capillaries containing blood to be filtered

2.) bowman’s capsule - surrounds glomerulus and where filtrate begins journey through nephron

3.) convoluted tubules - part of system of tubes that conduct secretion and reabsorption

What is this image and its function, identify the numbers and describe the functions of them

Mammary gland - location where milk is produced

Lobules of glandular tissue - where milk is produced

Interlobular connective tissue - fibrous connective tissue and adipose tissue

Be able to trace the direction of blood flow through the heart

Be able to identify sections of the heart, veins and arteries.

Identify the numbers

1.) testis

2.) stomach

3.)gills

4.) liver

Identify the numbers

1.) operculum

2.) first dorsal fin

3.) second dorsal fin

4.) pectoral Fins

5.) pelvic fins

6.) anal fins

7.)caudaL fin

8.) lateral line

How to identity if a fish is a male or female

Ovary vs. testis

Ovary is more circular and orange (may have presence of eggs)

Testis is kind of split in two, paler, skinnier

What type of scale is this

Ctenoid

Ctenoid vs Ganoid vs Cycloid vs placoid

Placoid - same layers as teeth, smooth and rough texture

Ganoid - bone, rhomboid or diamond shaped, interlocked, heavy, inflexible

Cycloid - round flat and smooth, layered, flexible

Ctenoid - rough or oval with come-like “teeth“, flexible

Identify these scales

1. Ctenoid

2. Cycloid

3. Ganoid

4. Placoid

Identify these frog ventral side muscles

1. Mylohyoid

2. Deltoid

3. Pectoralis major

4. Sartorius

5. Gracilis major

6. Gracilis minor

7. Gastrocnemius

8. Adductor magnus

9. Rectus abdominis

Identify frog dorsal side muscles

1. Dorsalis scapulae

2. Latissimus dorsi

3. Illiolumbar

4. Longissimus dorsi

5. Coccygeo-illacus

6. External oblique

7. Triceps femoris

8. Semimembranosus

9. Gracilis minor

10.)Gastrocnemius

Identify this slide and label the numbers

Note #2 are the black dots in between epidermis and dermis

1. Epidermis

2. Melanospheres

3. Mucous glands

4. Dermis

5. Poison glands