Health Promotion: Smoking Cessation, Screening, and Developmental Milestones

Ask-Advise-Refer (AAR) program

Ask about tobacco use, Advise to quit, Refer to cessation resources such as 1-800-QUIT-NOW.

Clinician resources for smoking cessation

CDC Quit Smoking Toolkit, American Lung Association programs, USPSTF guidelines, 1-800-QUIT-NOW.

Psychological interventions for smoking cessation

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), motivational interviewing, managing cravings and stress.

Sociological interventions for smoking cessation

Group therapy, family involvement, peer support programs.

Behavioral interventions for smoking cessation

Set quit dates, track progress, replace habits, reward systems.

Physiological interventions for smoking cessation

Nicotine Replacement Therapy (patch, gum, lozenge), bupropion, varenicline.

Substance abuse screening tool for adolescents

CRAFFT tool — screens for alcohol and drug use in ages 12-21.

Substance abuse screening tools for adults

AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) and DAST-10 (Drug Abuse Screening Test).

Primary prevention for substance abuse

Education before drug or tobacco use begins.

Secondary prevention for substance abuse

Screening for early signs of use or dependence.

Tertiary prevention for substance abuse

Treatment and rehabilitation to prevent relapse.

Key difference between adolescent and adult screening

Adolescents focus on prevention and family support; adults focus on detection and treatment.

Three levels of prevention

Primary (prevent disease), Secondary (early detection), Tertiary (limit progression).

Example of primary prevention

Vaccinations, health education, exercise promotion.

Example of secondary prevention

Screenings such as Pap smears, mammograms, and blood pressure checks.

Example of tertiary prevention

Rehabilitation and chronic disease management.

Purpose of screening in health promotion

Detect disease early to improve outcomes and reduce complications.

Nurse's role in screening

Perform screenings, educate clients, interpret results, and refer as needed.

Mammogram screening

Women ages 40-74 every 1-2 years for breast cancer detection.

Colonoscopy screening

Adults ages 45-75 every 10 years to detect colorectal cancer.

Pap smear screening

Women ages 21-65 every 3-5 years for cervical cancer detection.

Blood pressure screening

Adults every visit or annually to detect hypertension.

PHQ-9 screening tool

Screens for depression in adults.

CRAFFT screening tool

Assesses substance use risk in adolescents.

Active immunity

Body produces antibodies after infection or vaccination; long-term protection.

Passive immunity

Antibodies transferred from another source (e.g., mother to baby or immunoglobulin therapy); short-term protection.

Purpose of vaccinations

Prevent communicable diseases and outbreaks.

Complications of skipping vaccines

Severe illness, disability, or death from preventable diseases.

Contraindications for vaccines

Severe allergic reaction or immunocompromised status (for live vaccines).

Erikson Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust

Infancy; develops trust through consistent caregiving.

Erikson Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Toddler; develops independence through self-control.

Erikson Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt

Preschool; learns purpose and direction through play.

Erikson Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority

School-age; gains competence through learning and achievement.

Erikson Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion

Adolescence; develops sense of self and personal identity.

Erikson Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation

Young adult; forms meaningful relationships and commitments.

Erikson Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation

Middle adult; focuses on career, family, and contributing to society.

Erikson Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair

Older adult; reflects on life with satisfaction or regret.

Piaget Stage 1: Sensorimotor (0-2 years)

Learns through senses; develops object permanence.

Piaget Stage 2: Preoperational (2-7 years)

Uses symbols and language; egocentric thinking.

Piaget Stage 3: Concrete Operational (7-11 years)

Logical thinking, understands conservation.

Piaget Stage 4: Formal Operational (12+ years)

Abstract thinking and moral reasoning.

Kohlberg Level 1: Preconventional

Moral reasoning based on punishment and reward.

Kohlberg Level 2: Conventional

Moral reasoning based on social rules and laws.

Kohlberg Level 3: Postconventional

Moral reasoning based on universal ethics and principles.

Major milestones: Infant

Head control, babbling, trust, attachment.

Major milestones: Toddler

Walking, toilet training, autonomy, simple speech.

Major milestones: Preschool

Imaginative play, language growth, initiative.

Major milestones: School-age

Academic skills, friendships, industry.

Major milestones: Adolescent

Identity formation, independence, peer influence.

Major milestones: Young adult

Relationships, work stability, intimacy.

Major milestones: Middle adult

Career, family, generativity, productivity.

Major milestones: Older adult

Reflection, life satisfaction, integrity.

Normal aging changes

Decreased skin elasticity, bone density, metabolism; increased fall risk.

Common risk factors in older adults

Falls, isolation, chronic illness, medication side effects.

Injury risks by developmental level

Infant: choking/falls; Toddler: drowning/poisoning; Adolescent: motor vehicle accidents; Older adult: falls.

Violence risks by developmental level

Child: abuse; Teen: dating violence; Adult: domestic violence; Elder: neglect or exploitation.

Interventions to prevent injury and violence

Use car seats, teach safety, promote social support, screen for abuse.