FNU chapter 1

What is nutrients?

the life-sustaining substances found in food; necessary for growth, maintenance, and repair of bodies cells

What is nutrition?

scientific study of nutrients and how the body uses them

According to average food consumption trends, Americans consume amounts that are...?

above the recommended for meat, eggs, nuts & grains; below the recommended for veggies, dairy products, and fruits

America's poor eating habits are leading to...?

obesity and type 2 diabetes

What are the six classes of nutrients?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water

how much of body weight is water?

50-70%

What does the body use nutrients for?

- energy

-growth and development

-regulation of processes

what do cells use nutrients for?

to carry out metabolic processes

what is metabolism?

the total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells

what are nutrient related elements in the human body?

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and calcium

What are carbohydrates main functions in body?

major source of energy, maintains normal blood glucose levels, and eliminate solid waste from gi tract

what are lipids main functions in body?

major source of energy, development in all aspects, homeostasis, growth of brain, and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

what are proteins main functions in the body?

provide structural components (enzymes etc..), cellular care, regulation of hormones etc., transportation of substances, minor source of energy

what are vitamins main functions in the body?

regulation of body processes, immune function, production?maintenance of cells, and protection against components than can damage cells

what are minerals main functions in the body?

fluid balance, energy metabolism, formation of chemical messengers, formation of some tissues, and cellular care

What is an element?

a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical means

What elements are found in carbohydrates?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

what elements are found in proteins?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur

what elements are found in vitamins?

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, some nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and cobalt

what elements are found in minerals?

sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, chromium, iron, copper, zinc, iodine

what elements are found in water?

hydrogen and oxygen

98% of the body is composed of what five elements?

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium

Organic vs. inorganic chemistry?

organic refers to compounds that contain carbon while inorganic nutrients do not contain carbon

what is an essential nutrient?

must be supplies by food because the body does not synthesize it or make enough to meet its needs, water is the most essential nutrient

What occurs when a patient is Vitamin C deficient?

scurvy(gums bleed and wounds heal slowly)

What are conditional essential nutrients?

normally not essential but become essential under certain conditions such as metabolic disorders, serious illnesses, and prenatal development

what are macronutrients?

nutrients the body needs in large amounts (carbs, fats, and proteins)

what are micronutrients?

nutrients the body needs in very small amounts(vitamins and minerals)

What are phytochemicals?

substances in plants that are not nutrients but may have health benefits (ex; caffeine and beta-carotene)

what are some phytochemicals that are of scientific interest?

carotenoids, phenolics, organosulfides, alkaloids, and capsaicininoids

what is a calorie?

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius

What is a kilocalorie?

This term refers to the equivalent of 1,000 calories.

What is a bomb calorimeter?

A device that measures calorie content in a food and beverages

1g of carbs has how many kcals?

4

1g of protein has how many kcals?

4

1g of fat has how many kcals?

9

1g of alcohol has how many kcals?

7

What are the leading causes of death in the US?

heart disease and cancer make up 50% of all deaths

What are chronic diseases?

diseases that develop gradually and may persist for years(heart disease, diabetes, and cancer)

What are risk factors?

personal attributes, characteristics, or exposures that increase a person's chances of a developing a chronic disease

What do risk factors consist of?

genetic background, family history, unsafe environmental conditions, physiological factors, lack of health care, advanced age, and unhealthy lifestyle

What does nutritional genomics analyze?

the effect our genes have on our disease risk and the impact food , nutrition, and stress have on the expression of our genes

Engaging in 60 minutes or more of physical activity a dat can counteract..?

8 hours of sedentary time

What does the US department of health and human service publish every year and what does it consist of?

"Healthy People" consist of national health promotion, disease prevention goals, as well as goals to prevent obesity and chronic health problems

What are some biological and physiological factors that effect food selection?

taste, smell, texture, hunger, and thirst

What are some cognitive factors that effect diet?

past experiences, cultural practices, religious teachings, and learned information

what are some physiological factors that effect diet?

stress level ,mood, and positive/negative associations with food

what are some environmental factors that effect diet?

food cost, proximity of food, availability, relationships, government policies, and food marketing

What does a registered dietician nutritionist factor in to help select foods best way possible?

fit your budget, support your health goals, are accessible, and taste good

What is dietetics?

Use of diet in the prevention/treatment of disease

What components does the food system include?

production, processing, distribution, access, consumption, and waste recovery

What does a sustainable food system include?

delivers food security and nutrition for all in such a way that the economic, social, and environmental bases to generate food security and nutrition for future generations are not compromised.

What is nutrient dense food and what are some examples?

food that supplies more key beneficial nutrients in relation to total calories per serving (ex; veggies, fruits, lean meats, and whole-grain cereals)

What is energy density?

refers to the amount of energy a food provides per given weight of the food( high fat food are more energy dense)

How much kcal per gram of the food or beverage do energy dense foods provide?

4.0

What food is nutrient dense and energy dense?

nuts

what are empty calories?

unhealthy solids fats and added sugars (SoFAS) and alcohol, these are not good sources of vitamins and minerals

What can help ensure a diets nutritional adeqaucy?

variety, moderation, and balance

What 5 food groups are on myplate?

fruits, grains, dairy, veggies, and protein

What is a dietary supplement?

a product that contains a vitamin, mineral, herb or other plant product, an amino acid, or a dietary substance that supplements the diet by increasing total intake

What is the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994?

allows manufacturers to classify nutrient supplements and herbal products as foods

What does the FDA not regulate?

dietary supplements

What are manufacturer standards?

FDA standards in place that help ensure purity and consist of private labs that test product quality and place seal of approval that help ensure quality.

What is range of safe intake?

"more is not always better"

What is the physiological dose of a nutrient?

the amount of a nutrient that is within range of safe intake and enables the body to function optimally

What is a megadose?

amount of a vitamin or mineral that greatly exceeds the recommended amount of a nutrient( minerals typically have more narrow ranges of safe intakes)

What are functional foods?

Functional foods are ones that have some kind of health benefit beyond basic nutrition. For example it might prevent some kind of disease

What is medical nutrition therapies?

nutritionally modified diets for people who have chronic health conditions

What kind of science is nutrition?

dynamic

What is culinary medicine?

combines knowledge of evidence based dietary recommendations for optimizing health and preventing and treating diseases