Melanin unit

Albinism

Lack of medenine (pigment that gives skin color/hair color/ eye color, etc).

Dominant

a version of a gene that shows a trait even if there's only one copy. The strongest gene.

Recessive

when both copies are the same, the gene will show it self. the least likely to be seen in a Gene.

Hybrid

A organism that has 2 different allels for a trait. (1 dominant and 1 recessive).

genotype

an organism genetic makeup- its alleles combination it has for a trait. (Bb. BB)

Phenotype

a organisms observable trait , what you can actually see (physical expression of a gene).

Pedigree chart

a diagram that tracks how a trait is passed through generation of a family.

punnett square

total used to predict the possible genetic outcomes when two organism reproduce.

Gene

trait or DNA

diploid

cell that had 2 complete sets of chromosomes

Haploid

cell is a cell that has only one set of chromosomes.

Karyotype

a picture showing chromosomes arranged in pairs

nondisjunction

chromosomes fail to separate properly during cell division.

Chromsones

set of structure made of DNA and proteins

sex cells

reproductive cells that carry half the number of chromosomes.

meiosis

celldovison that produces sex cells. half the # of chromosomes

Mutation

is a change in the DNA sequence of gene or chromosomes.

transcription

dna copied into RNA

translation

messenger RNA is used to make Protein.

codon

sequence of three nucleotides on RNA of amino acid.

DNA

Molecule that carries genetic information of living things.

RNA

carries instructions from DNA to make proteins

Nucleus

a middle of the cell, control center helps with growth.

ribosomes

cells protein factory. helps creates proteins asked off instruction from mRNA.

substitution mutation

a type of mutation where one nucleuer tyd is the DNA replace by a different nuclear type.

Nonsense mutation

a type of gene mutation where a change in DNA causes a early stop codon.

Frameshift mutation

gene mutation where nucleotides are inserted or deleted changing the reading frame of DNA or RNA

silent Mutation

change in the DNA does not change the amino acid in the protein.

Protein

molecule made of amino acids that performs many important jobs in the body .

Addition/insertion mutation

Pieces added to the DNA sequence

deletion mutation

a base is removed from the DNA basis

vitamin D

it helps with health and its intake is through sunlight exposure or diet.

UV light

triggers a chemical reaction on the skin. damage DNA with abnormal bonds between basis with can lead to mutations.

Melanin

pigment produces that's gives skin eyes hair their color. It helps protect dna from UV damage.

Melanocytes

skin cells that produce melanin

adaptation

ability to survive and reproduce in a specific environment

latitude

how far the location is north or south of the equator.

Folate

a vitamin that is essential dna synthesis, repair and cell division.(very important). not enough melanin=damage

Trade off

organism gains a benefit but loses something in another resources or traits that's are limited.

Ozone Depletion

Thinning of the ozone layer in the Earth's stratosphere. (protects us)

Melanoma

type of skin cancer that produces melanin.

Frequency of genes

how common a particular version of a gene is in a population.

allele

a version of the same gene that produces variations in a trait.

SNP’s

single DNA base pair in the genome that occurs commonly in a population (silent mutation)

allele frequency

proportion of a specific allele of a gene in a population.

Hertiablitty

how much of the variation in a trait in a population is due to genetic differences

rock pocket mouse

example in biology of adoption through natural selection

Melanism

a genetic trait, a organism produces extra melanin

natural selection

organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more offspring. (adaptability).

fitness

survive and reproduce in a specific environment.

selective pressure

environmental factor that affects an organism ability to survive and reproduce causing some traits to be common over time.

amino acids

A molecule used in making proteins which plays a role in the pigmentations of your skin.