final lbbbion

Base

Stand that supports the microscope

Pillar

A short piece of metal that supports the microscope. it attaches to one end of the base

Handle or arm

Used for holding the microscope

Inclination screw

Tilting the microscope

Body tube

Holds dust shield and nosepiece

Ocular tube/draw tube

Upper end of the body tube that bears the eyepiece or ocular lens

Revolving nosepiece

Permits the shifting of the objective lenses

Dust shield

Above the nosepiece to protect objective lenses

Coarse adjustment knob

Adjusts LPO in focusing

Fine adjustment knob

Delicate focusing in HPO and OIO

Stage

Where slides are placed

Mirror rack

Found below stage and attached to the pillar; holds the mirror in place

10x

Eyepiece magnification

10x

LPO magnification

4x

Scanner magnification

40x

HPO magnification

100x

OIO magnification

diaphragm

Below the stage; regulates entry of light

Iris, plate, fan

Types of diaphragms

Condenser

Lens found immediately below the nose of the stage; concentrates light rays on the specimen

Function of a field diaphragm

Also known as Iris diaphragm; regulates entry of light in the condenser

Gives higher resolution prevents blurs

Why use oil in OIO?

Scanner lens in place

Lower stage

Turn off light source

How to store the microscope?

Inverted

View in the microscope

No, it moves in the OPPOSITE direction

Does the view in the microscope move to the left if you move the slide to the left?

As magnification increases, field of view decreases

Relationship between magnification and field of view

How to calibrate the scanner lens using the stage micrometer

How to calibrate the LPO using the stage micrometer

How to calibrate the HPO using the stage micrometer

Size = field of view (in mm)/number of cells across

How to calculate the size of the cell without a stage micrometer?

Size of drawing/actual size

How to compute the magnification of drawing from the size of the drawing and its actual size?

Magnification: small objects are seemingly larger

Resolution: ability to distinguish two objects from each other

Contrast: lightness or colorless or transparent specimens relative to the darkness in the background

Compare magnification, contrast, and resolution

[(fresh weight - dry weight)/fresh weight] x 100

How to compute for the percent water or moisture

[(dry weight - ash weight)/fresh weight] x 100

How to compute for percent organic matter

(actual weight / fresh weight) x 100

How to compute for percent inorganic matter

These results can be important in various fields of plant science, including agriculture, nutrition, and environmental studies, as they provide insights into the composition of living plants and their nutritional content.

Why determine the percent composition of water, organic and inorganic constituents in a living plant?

To determine the presence of reducing sugars.

What is the Benedict’s test used for?

The type of sugar that acts as the reducing agent and can effectively donate electrons to some other molecule by oxidizing it. All monosaccharides and some disaccharides are reducing sugars

What are reducing sugars?

Glucose, fructose, maltose, and very low/faint positive result for starch

What sugars in the experiment exhibited a positive result for the Benedict’s test?

The "hotter" the final color of the reagent, the higher the concentration of reducing sugar. In general, blue to blue-green or yellow-green is negative, yellowish to bright yellow is a moderate positive, and bright orange is a very strong positive

How to interpret Benedict’s test results

Monosaccharides

What does the Barfoed’s test assess?

Dark red precipitate formed

What hints at a positive result for the Barfoed’s test?

The presence of starch

What does the Iodine test prove?

Dark blue in color

What signifies a positive result for the Iodine test?

The Biuret Test

What tests the presence of proteins?

Pink/purple/pink-purple hue from light blue color

What signifies a positive result for the Biuret test?

Iodine Test

What is the test for starch?

Increases validity and accuracy by having other experts in the field review your paper

Why is peer-reviewing necessary in scientific papers?

Dark blue color from its transparent state

What signifies a positive result for the Iodine test?

Yes, since milk contains protein

Will evaporated milk test positive in the Biuret test?

No, because these are amino acids, not proteins

Will tryptophan and phenylalanine test positive for the Biuret test?

Used to detect the presence of lipids within substances

What does the lipid test (residue test) assess?

No, since glycerol is an alcohol. It may be important in the formation of lipids, but is not a lipid in itself

Will glycerol test positive for the residue test?

Glucose

Fructose

Maltose

Which of these is positive? (Benedict’s Test)

Glucose

Fructose

Which of these is positive? (Barfoed’s Test)

Starch

Which of these is positive? (Iodine Test)

If it contains lipids

Sudan Test is for what?

Yes, the fat is incorporated and mixed well in the solution

Is this positive? (Sudan Test)

Yes, it clearly split into separate layers

Is this a positive result for Sudan Test?

All

Which are positive?

Almond butter, beans

Which are positive?

Bread, beans

Which are positive?

All

Which are positive?

Robert Hooke studied the cork under a microscope, where he named it as “cells” after he noticed how they resembled the cells that monks used to reside in

How did the cell came to be?

Cell wall

Rigid structure that supports the cell

Cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, and. glycoproteins

The cell wall is made up of what?

Cytoplasm is__________

a gel-like mixture that fills the cell, excluding the nucleus

it is surrounded by the cell membrane

Nucleus

This contains the genetic information of the cell

Increases contrast

Why is staining important?

Increases resolution

Why is adding oil in OIO important?

Nucleolus

Creates rRNA to make ribosome and sends mRNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis

Structural proteins

What helps maintain the cell wall’s structure and shape?

Plasmodesmata

Threads of cytoplasm that passes through cell walls of adjacent cells; enables communication between adjacent cells

Middle Lamella

What glues cells together and is made of calcium and magnesium pectates?

Phospholipid bilayer that has a fluid mosaic model

Structure of the cell membrane

Cell walls

What prevents the cell from bursting due to pressure?

Selective permeability/semi-permeable

Permeability of the plasma membrane

Functions of the plasma membrane

Transport of molecules

Maintains cell homeostasis

Sends and receives signals to/from other cells

Gases (such as O2 and CO2), hydrophobic molecules (such as benzene), and small polar but uncharged molecules (such as H2O and ethanol) are able to diffuse across the plasma membrane

What kind of molecules does the plasma membrane allow to pass through?

Plastids

Contain photosynthetic pigments

Responsible for the production of food within plant cells (photosynthesis), storage of products like starch, and synthesis of many classes of molecules

Needed as cellular building blocks and/or for the function of the plant

Chloroplast

Kind of plastid that has the main function of photosynthesis.

chlorophyll

Green color of chloroplasts come from ________

300 chloroplasts

How many chloroplasts can plant cells hold?

Cyclosis

Circular movement of organelles around the vacuole which can be counter or clockwise; enables better exchange of materials around the cell

Chromoplasts

Oblong-like bodies that hold carotenoid pigments that exude a bright yellow, orange, or red color

Responsible for signaling other organisms in the environment when it’s ripe or ready to pollinate

Leukoplasts

These do not contain photosynthetic pigments and is often found in plants or parts of plants that require storage for materials

Vacuoles

Organelles that store water, pigment, salt, ions, and nutrients that maintain homeostasis

Tonoplast — largest fluid-filled organelle; facilitate uphill transport of many ions and other materials, making their concentration higher in vacuole than cytoplasm

Vacuoles are surrounded by what membrane? What is its function?

crystals; crystal idioblasts

_______ are materials that are made of calcium oxalate or calcium carbonate found in the vacuoles of specialized cells called __________

Function of crystals

Protecting plants from herbivores, calcium regulation, and metal detoxification

Vacuole

What organelle is the pink line pointing at?

Druse in Portulaca and Begonia

• star-like in shape, mechanical irritants in toxic plants that regulate calcium and protect against herbivores

Give the crystal name and its description

Prismatic in Tradescantia

• diamond in shape; protects against herbivores

  • caterpillars exhibit feeding aversion for plants with these crystals

Give the crystal name and its description

Cystolith in Ficus

• Grape cluster; occurs at a peg grown from the lithocyst wall

• calcium regulation

Give the crystal name and its description

Raphide in Sanseviera

• needle-like; defenses against herbivores that leave tears in their throat or esophagus

Give the crystal name and its description

Rosette

• star-like; functions in protection against herbivores

Give the crystal name and its description

Parenchyma cell/tissue

Collenchyma cell/tissue

Sclerenchyma cell/tissue

What are the types of fundamental plant tissue types?

Plasmodesmata

What can be seen in this?

Dermal

Ground

Vascular

General plant tissue types based on location and function:

Type of simple permanent tissue that can divide at maturity and help regenerate and heal wounds

thin cell walls, loosely arranged, circular outline

Parenchyma cells