Neural hell week

List the meninges

-Dura matter

-arachnoid

-pia matter

Function of dura matter

anchors the brain into the skull

acts as physical protections

leathery connective tissue

Note: the dura matter is closed to the cranium

Function of the arachnoid matter

suspends the brain, cushions the brain with cerebral spinal fluid

Functions of pia matter

soft mother

tight barrier carries/provides? nutrients the the brain

Where in the mennigies is cerebral spinal fluid

cerebral spinal fluid is in the Subarachnoid space this is in between the arachnoid matter and pia matter

list the three protective layers of the brain

menigies

blood brain barrier

cerebral spinal fluid

What is the blood brain barrier

Regulates entry into the central nervous system

keeps things from moving into through the capillaries

What cells make up the blood brain barrier

astrocytes

What cells make of the cerebral spinal fluid

Gilal cells …. ok cool which ones: epedemal cells

What are the mechanical functions of cerebral spinal fluid

-Buoyancy

and cusiunary/ mechanical protections

What are the non mechanical functions of the cerebral spinal fluid

nutrients

ion buffering

circulation

homeostasis

Name the four cortexs of the cerebrum

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Frontal

-voluntary movement

-brocas area

-prefrontal cortex- executive function

somatic organization

Parietal

somato sensory skin and muscles

temporal

memory and auditory

wernikes

Occipital

visual

Overall function of the prefrontal cortex

instead of just processing raw sensory input, the prefrontal cortex integrates information from all areas of the brain to govern how you think feel and behave

list of functions of the prefrontal cortex

executive functioning

working memory

behavioral and emotional regulation

personality expression

What is the primary function of the corpus callosum

the corpus callosum is a band of white matter that contains axons that allows the two cerebral hemispheres to communicate

acts as a bridge that allows signals to travels

What illness/condition result from loss of function of the basal ganglia

Parkinsons and huntintongs chorea can result from lack of dompamine

what are the structures of the basal ganglia

-Caudate

-putamen

(Straightal is made up of the putamen and the caudate)

substancial niagra is were dopamine is formed

What is a thing that works with the basal ganglia

substaia nigra

what does the substatia Niagara do?

produces dopamine

Fuction of the basal ganglia

-initiation of movement

-reward center

supress unwanted movement

straiteal nuclei

Caufate and putaman

hypothalamus

Hypothaemus- sounds vicious- viceral contronl hypo thal could mess some one up

filled with nuclei clusters

visceral control and controls

internal homeostasis and the pituitary gland

(hunger, thirst, sleep, temperature regulation}

medulla oblongata

cardiovascular respirary

in medualla pyrimids are the main pathway for efferent motor signals

Where is the basal ganglia

There is no one region for the basal ganglia

they are a group of interconnected structures that span the

cerebrum

diencephabn

and mid brain

What is makes up the limbic system

Hipocampus

amygdala

hypothalamus

What are the primary functions of the limbic system

-memory

-emotions

amygdala

-process emotions

-detect threats

-trigger survival responses

hipocampus

acts as the brain’s central processor for forming new declarative memories and building spatial navigation

Thalamus

brain’s main information relay station, processing almost all incoming sensory and motor signals go here before they reach the cerebral cortex

Gracile columns (part of the spinal cord)

infermost nuclei (its in the middle)

-carries info from mid thorax to toes

cuneate column faciculus

mid-thorax to scalp

somatosensory (list them)

touch

temp

pain

proprioception

superior coliculi

serves as reflex centers for certain visual activities

inferior colliculi

it is a nuclei

it is a part if the auditory pathway that relays input from receptors for hearing to the brain

nuclei of the midbrain

-substansia niagra

-superior coliculi

-inferiror coliculi

pons

signals for voluntary movements from motor areas of the cerebral cortex go to cerebellum

Reticular formation

runs through the brain stem

posture and muscle tone

arousal

lower caudal

Thats where the spinal cord emerges

function of the cerebellum

evaluate how well movements initiated by motor areas in the cerebrum are actually being carried out

cerebellum detects discrepancies in movement

sends signals to correct them

label

a:spinal nerve

b:dorsal root ganglion

c:dorsal root of the spinal nerve

d:dorsal root greyhorn

e:ventral grey horn

f:grey mater (unmeilenated)

g:white mater (meilenated)

Dorsal Gray horns

contains axons of incoming sensory neurons as well as cell bodies and axons of interneurons

ventral gray horns

contain cell bodies od somatic motro neuribs that bring action potentials to skeletal muscles

fornix

connects limbic system structures

Non nerual

specialized cells that detect sensory information but are not neurons. Because they lack axons and dendrites, they cannot generate or send an action potential directly to the brain. Unlike standard neurons that use "all-or-nothing" firing, non-neural receptors use graded potentials to communicate

• More stimulus = more voltage (more ion channel openings) which leads to more neurotransmitters being released.

Somatosensory and olfactory do not have non-neural receptors

Nuclei

a cluster of neuron cell bodies located deep within the central nervous system that share similar connections and functions

Ganglia

are clusters of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system that act as relay stations from nerve signals

they are in the peripheral nervous system

mechanoreceptors

are sensitive to mechanical stimuli such as deformation, stretching, or bending of cells

Thermoreseptors

detect changes in temperature

photoreceptors

detect light that strikes the retina

Nociceptors

responds to painful stimuli of the eye resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissues

chemoreceptors

detect chemicals in the mouth, nose, and body fluids

what cranial nerve is associated with olfactory

Cranial nerve 1

what are the projections of the olfactory pathway

Olfactory bulb

-lateral inhibition

-location of smell

Pyriform cortex

-smell identified

-oder perception/ discrimination

Limbic

-emotions and memory associated with smell

Arcuate fascilicus

connects wernikes area to brocas area

Salty transduction

Na+ enters via channels

-this depolarizes receptro→ NT then releases

Sour Transduction

H+ enters via channels→ depolarize→ cause NT release

Sweet, bitter, umami transduction

Activates receptor → Plc→ IP3→ Opens cation channels→ depolarize → NT release

ca 2+ release from smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Steps of neurotransmitters release at synapse

1. Action potential arrives at synaptic terminal

2. action potential opens volt gaited Ca2+ channels

3. Ca2+ enters terminal and induces exocytosis of neurotransmitters

4. Neurotransmitter binds to receptrors on post-synaptic membrane

5. Open chem gated channel (ions flow

6. this causes grated potential

Schawann cells where are they found and what do they do?

-gillal cells

there are found in the PNS

-helps in myelination of axons

oliglodendrytes function and where they at

In the central nervous system

aid in myelination of axons

List the four gillal cells

1. ScHawann/ olgiodendrytes

2. Astrocytes + satelite cells

3. Ependemal Cells

4. microglia-immune cells

Motor out

Efferent is when it leaves the central nervous system

types of motor out

1. Somatic

   1. skeletal muscle

   2. voluntary

2. autonomic nerves system

   1. viceral control

   2. internal organs → involantary

      1. sympathetic nervous system

Acetylcholine (ACH)

Neurotransmitter

receptors

NACH

1. Nicotine activate

   1. excitatory (Depol) Open Na+

2. muscarinic Mach- excitatory or inhibitiory

How to remove Acetylcholine

1. Can diffuse away

   1. ACHE

      1. actyl cholinesterase

         1. THIS is the enzye that breaksdown accetylcholine

list of neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine

Catecholoamines

Glutemate

Gamma/Gabba

Glycine

Glial cells

non neuronal support cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems that protect, insulate and nourish neurons

Catecholamnies (nt)

Receptors

-epinephrine

-norepinephrine

alpha beta (can be exitatory or in inbatory)

excitatory

depolarize

inhibitory

polarizeing (do its stop release of action potentials

How to remove catecholamines

mao and compt

Glutamate (NT)

Glutemate

-excitatory (depolarizeing in the CNS opens sodium channels

Gamma/Gabba

-inhibatory cl- channels open polarization

Glyzine (inhibitatory)

Epebdymal cells

For cerebral spinal fluid

not a gillal cell

we are epedemal cells and were are our own person

Astrocytes and satelite cells

They both maintain extracellular enviroment and bring nutrients

the astrcocyes however make up the blood brain barrier

astrcytes are in the cns

satelite cells are in the pns

pheriphial nervous system

cranial nerves

-spinal nerves

-sensory receptors

microglia

immune cells CNS

Central NS

Brain

-spinal cord

motors

commands leave from/ come from the central ns

where does the gustatory pathway start

with taste receptors than goes to sensory neurons

where does the gustatory pathway end

the gustatory pathway ends in the primary gustatory cortex

 List the steps by which the semicircular canals operate, and what type of motion they sense.

The semicircular canals are responsible for sensing rotational motion

Rotational movement causes endolymph to lag behind and then endolymph moves in the opposite direction

Endolyph pushes on cupula bending the stereocillia 

 This opens the mech-gated channels K+ 

K+ enters- depol-> hair cells they release neurotransmitters 

To cranial nerve 8

semicicular cannals function

xyz- reprecent movement in all three directions

Senicircular cannals

Rotation movement causes endolymph to lad behind

-endolypmh moves in the opposite direction

-endolyph pushes on cupula→ this bends the sterocillia and opens mechanically gated channels

k+ flowes through and deoplarize and hair cells release NT

Projections of vestibular Pathways

1.primary somatasensory cortex- awarness

2. Cerebellum

3. superior collicus-eyemovement

4. reticular formation (posture)

5. spinal cord- posture

what cranial nerve is responsible for accommodation

3-Ocularmotor

Organ of corti

Specialzed sensry epitheium inside the cochlea of the inner ear that converts mechanical sound vibration into electrical nerve impulses for the brain

Auditory transduction

1. Sound wave hits tympanic membrane

2. Tympanic membrane vibrates

3. 3. Ossicle vibrate

4. Oval window vibrates

5. Creates a wave in perilymph in vestibular duct

6. was pushes on vestibular membrane causing it to vibrate

7. wave happens in endolymph of the coclear duct

8. wave pushes on techtorial membrane causeing them to vibrate

   1. They vibrate unevenly the basilar cuases sterocillia to bend

9. the bending of the stereocillia opens the mechanical gated channels on stereo center potassium will go in

10. postasium depolarizes hair cells hair cells release NT on CN8 (auditory)

What increases intensity of sound (How do we code for this)

-amplitude of wave

-the number of hair cells activated increases frequency of ap

What codes for pitch

-freq of waves

-mechanical tuning of basliar membrane

• tonotopic organization

• thinnner broader

• high frequency

otoliths

calcium carbonate crystals

otolithic organs

utricle

vestibule

saccule

otolithic organs functions

utricle and saccule

-sense stantic head position and linear movement

like when a card stops really fast and your head moves forward

linear movement transduction

movement cuases otolitcshs to lad behind, sitting on top of the otolithic membrane

• this cuases bending of the sterocillia

• opens mechanically gated channels

• potasium flows ins

• neurotransmitter release

On-center

Action potentials singal incremental increases in lighting

Off center

Action potentials signal incremental decreasing night

-this signals it getting darker

Rods in terms of visual acuity

Rhodopsin-responds to broad range of very sensitve light and lighting conditions

Acuity: no rods in fovea

-light scatters as passes thru cells layers blurring

Cones in terms of visual pathway

photopsin- responfs to specefic color vision

-low sensitivity to light

-light conditions

Acuity

-fovea has cones

direct access to light in fovea no scatering

so cones have more acuity

visual acuity

better acuity in light colors

no rods in fovea

fovea cones

fovea is primary focal point