NURS Fundamentals Exam 3 Prep - Infection Control

What are components of the infection cycle?

ifnectious agent, resrvoir, portal of exit, maeans of transmission, portal of entry, susceptiple host

What are infectious agents?

bacteria, viruses, fungi

What are reservoirs?

natural habitat of the organism

What is a portal of exit?

point of escape for the organism

What is the means of transmission?

direct contact, indirect contact, airborne route

What is the portal of entry?

point at which organisms enter a new host

What is a susceptible host?

must overcome resistance mounted by host’s defenses

What is an infectious agent?

destroy pathogen

What is a reservoir?

pre-op skin prep (chlorhexidine)

What is a portal of exit?

contain bodily fluids

What is a mode of transmission?

hand hygiene

What is breaking the chain of infection of a susceptible host?

increase line of defense

What are the modes of transmission?

contact (direct and indirect), droplet, airborne, vehicle and vector-borne

What are factors affecting an organism’s potential to produce disease?

number of organisms, virulence, competence of person’s immyne system, length and intiamcy of contact between person and microorganism

What is the first step of the inflammatory response?

recognition by pattern receptors

What is the second step of the inflammatory response?

activation of inflammatory pathways

What is the third step of the inflammatory response?

release of inflammatory markers

What is the fourth step of the inflammatory response?

recruitment of inflammatory cells

What is the first stage of infection?

incubation

What is the second stage of infection?

prodromal

What is the third stage of infection?

acute illness

What is the fourth stage of infection?

decline

What is the fifth stage of infection?

convalescence

What are local infections?

confined to one area

What are systemic infections?

spread to the bloodstream

What are factors increasing client risk of infection?

being in healthcare environement, any type of inserted device, any type of wound

What is asepsis?

includes all activities to prevent infection or break the chain of infection

What is medical aspesis?

clean technique to reduce number of pathogens; hand hygiene and wearing lgoves

What is surgical asepsis?

sterile technique to keep area free from microorganisms; inserting an indwelling urinary catheter or IV

What is a normal white blood cell count?

5,000 to 10,000/ mm3

What indicates infection?

increase in specific type of WBCs, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate

What indicates infection?

presence of pathogen in urine, blood, sputum, or draining cultures

What are types of health care associated infections (HAIs)?

central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs), catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), surgical site infections (SSIs), ventilator-assisted pneumonias (VAPs)

What are multidrug-resistant infections?

requires special preacutions; proper handwashing, gloves, contact precautions, enhances barrier precautions (nursing homes)

What are factors that determine use of sterilization and disinfection methods?

nature and of number of organisms present, type of equipment, intended use of equipment, available means for sterilization and disinfection

What is PPE and supplies?

gloves, gowns, makss, protective eyewear

What is the first moment for hand hygiene?

before touching a patient

What is the second moment for hand hygiene?

before a clean or aspetic procedure

What is the third moment for hand hygiene?

after a body fluid exposure risk

What is the fourth moment for hand hygiene?

after touching a patient

What is the fifth moment for hand hygiene?

after touching patient surroundings (exiting of patient room)

What are standard precautions?

used in the care of all hospitalized patients regardless of their diagnosis or possible infection status

What do standard precautions apply to?

blood, all body fluids, secretions, and nointact skin

What are transmission-based precautions?

used in addition to standard precautions for patients in hospitals with suspected infection with pathogens that can be transmitted by airborne, droplet, or contact routes

What are the types of transmission-based precautions?

airborne, droplet, or contact; may be used alone or in combination

What are airborne precautions?

sign and isolation care outside the patient’s room

What is the environment in airborne precaution?

negative pressure room and the door must be kept closed at all times

What is PPE for airborne precautions?

wear a N-95 mask, and visitors must wear a surgical mask for a limited visiting time

What is transporation for airbone precaution?

limited; patient MUST wear a mask

What is droplet precaution?

diseases that are transmitted by close contact with respiratory secretions

What is PPE for droplet precauation?

a mask and gloves should be worn by anyone entering the room

When are droplets expelled?

when the patient coughs or sneezes

What are droplets?

can remain in the air for 3 feet prior to falling to the floor

What are contact precautions?

isolation sign outside the room; both bacteria can live on various surfaces for weeks to months, patient-specific equipment if possible

What is PPE for contact precautions?

gown, and gloves are required by all people that enter the room (including visitors); face shields/goggles if needed

What are common infections in which a patient is on contact isolation?

MRSA or VRE

What are enteric precautions?

used for C. diff infection

What is PPE for enteric precautions?

gown and gloves worn by anyone entering the patient’s room; wash hands with soap and water only

What are neutropenic precautions (reverse isolation)?

protecting the patient from OUR bacteria; mainly inittiated for patients who are immunocompromised (cancer, transplant)

What is not allowed in neutropenic precaution rooms?

fresh fruit, vegetables, flowers in patient room

What is PPE for neutropenic precautions?

hand hygiene, mask, gloves; may wear a gown for extra protection for the patient