Anatomy BIO 1030- Exam 2- PLNU

Extracellular matrix: composition

-proteins

-polysaccharides

Extracellular matrix: purpose

-hold cells together

-influence activity of cells

Epithelial tissue:

General features-uses

1. Covers body surfaces

----A. outside of the body

----B. lining of digestive and respiratory tracts

----C. body cavities

----D. blood vessels

2. Glands

----A. derived developmentally from body surfaces

----B. releases proteins or solutions into blood, cavity, or body surface

Epithelial tissue:

General features-basic functions

PAFESSr

-protection

-absorption

-filtration

-excretion

-secretion

-sensory reception

Epithelial tissue:

Special Characteristics

1. tightly packed cells

2. continuous sheets

3. polar

4. supported by connective tissue

5. avascular but innervated

6. high proliferative/regenerative capacity

Epithelial tissue:

Special Characteristic-t

tightly packed cells

Epithelial tissue:

Special Characteristic-c

continuous sheets

Epithelial tissue:

Special Characteristic-p

polar

Epithelial tissue:

Special Characteristic-Polar: Apical Surface

-Free side

-not in contact with other cells

Epithelial tissue:

Special Characteristic-Polar: Basal Surface

-bottom layer

-attached to other cells via basement membrane

-basement membrane (basal and reticular lamina)

Basement membrane

-composed of two lamina "sheets"

-basal lamina

-on top: closest to epithelial cells

-selective filter that only allows certain substances to pass epithelial cells

-reticular lamina: deeper than basal, closer to connective tissue

basal lamina

-on top: closest to epithelial cells

-selective filter that only allows certain substances to pass

-thin sheet of glycoproteins

-produced by epithelial cells

-reticular lamina

-deeper than basal, closer to connective tissue

-extracellular material from underlying connective tissue

-gives more resilience to the basement membrane and epithelium

Epithelial tissue:

Special Characteristic-s

supported by connective tissue

Epithelial tissue:

Special Characteristic-a

Avascular but not innervated

-blood vessels do not penetrate epithelial membranes (epi cells are next to blood vessels)

Epithelial tissue:

Special Characteristic-h

high proliferative/regenerative capacity

Why is epithelial tissue high proliferative/regenerative capactiy?

The skin gets constant damage (sun, abrasions, chemicals, weather, etc.) so it needs constant repair

What happens with chemotherapy treatment?

Chemo keeps your cells from dividing as fast

-makes it slow down to a point where the skin can't heal itself

number of cell layers

-simple: single (one) layer

-statified: layered

-pseudostatified: looks statified but is not

cell shapes

1. Squamous

2. Cuboidal

3. Columnar

4. Transitional

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A single layer of squamous epithelial cells and the underlying basal lamina

Funtion: rapid diffusion and filtration

Loction:

alveoli of the lungs,

kidneys, and lining the inner surface of blood vessels

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Simple cuboidal epithelium

single layer cuboidal epithelial cells

Function: secretion and absorption

Location: Kidney tubules, secretion portions of small glands

simple cuboidal epithelium

simple columnar epithelium

Made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit closely together, contain goblet cells

Function:

secretion and absorption

location: lining of stomach and intestines, and glands (digestive tract)

simple columnar epithelium

Pseudostatified Columnar Epithelium

Is a simple columnar epithelium that appears stratified with cillia. Nuclei of cells are uneven.

Function:

trap and remove particles

associated with goblet cells (secrete)

Location:

Lining of respiratory tract

Pseudostatified Columnar Epithelium

stratified squamous epithelium

Several layers of squamous epithelial cells

Funtion:

-resist wear and tear

-protect from infection

Location:

Moist:

Oral cavity and esophagus

Anus and Vagina

Keratinized:

Skin (where friction usually is)

stratified squamous epithelium

statified cuboidal epithelium

Several layers of cuboidal cells; rare

Location

-Sweat and mammary glands (usually a bilayer)

statified columnar epithelium

Several layers of columnar cells; rare

Location:

Pharnyx

transitonal epithelium

Several layers of epithelial cells; cells can change shape from dome shape (ice cream cone) to squamous when stretched

Fucntion:

Stretch

Location:

Urinary system

transitional epithelium

summary of epithelial tissues

Endocrine glands

-release chemicals INTO body for long distance communication

-ductless

-release by exocytosis into the blood to move throughout the body

Structure:

-multicellular

-diffuse endocrine system (single cells scattered through an organ/organ system)

Exocrine glands

-release chemicals ONTO body surface

-multicellular: release into ducts

-unicellular: goblet cells

-merocrine: pack products into secreting vesicles for exocytosis

-holocrine: product accumulates in the cell until the cell bursts or ruptures

Connective tissue

**most abundant tissue in the body!!**

Connective tissue: General features

-Strength and Support

-Protection

-Insulation

-Transport substances

-degree in vascularity

-rich blood supply: adipose, bone

-poor blood supply: cartilage

Collagen

Protein fibers in tendons and ligaments

-most common protein in the body

-"rope" of three fibers wound

-flexible and strong, not elastic (no recoil)

-WHITE fibers

Elastin (Elastic Fibers)

-long thin proteins with branching networks

-elastic

-YELLOW fibers

Reticular fibers

-thin, short, collagen fibers

-continuous with collagen

Blast cells

produce/maker cells

epithelium vs. connective tissue

Serous Membrane

-made of thin layers of epithelial and connective tissues

-fist pushed into balloon (completely surrounds)

-in LUNGS, HEART, INTESTINES

-contatins serous fluid between two membranes

-visceral serous membrane

-partietal serous membrane

visceral serous membrane

Membrane

-covers organs

-touching organ

Parietal Serous Membrane

Membrane:

-Covers wall of cavity

-away from organ

Serous membrane: Pleura

Serous membrane around lungs

Serous membrane: Pericardium

Serous membrane around heart

Serous membrane: Perioneum

Serous membrane around intestines

Mesenchyme

-embryonic connective tissue

-all connective tissue comes from this tissue (develops into connective and skeletal tissue)

Structure

-loosly organized

-star shaped

-fluid ground substance

mesenchyme

Loose connective tissue, Areolar

Loosely arranged, gel-like matrix with all three fiber types

-irregular, loose, wool-like/fuzzy

Contains Cells:

-fibroblasts

-macrophages

-mast cells

-fat cells

Function:

-universal packing material

-allows diffusion

-reservoir for water and salts

Location:

-surrounds organs and capillaries

-attaches skin or underlying tissues

Loose connective tissue, areolar

Adipose Tissue

-fat tissue

-closely packed adipocytes

-nucleus pushed to side

Function:

-Energy storage

-insulation

-support and protect organs (padding)

Location:

-subcutaneous (skin): under basement membral

-around kidneys

-mammary glands

Adipose tissue

Reticular connective tissue

Structure:

-Reticular fibers and cells

Function

-support soft tissue or organs and blood vessels

Location

-lymph nodes

-spleen

-bone marrow

dense regular connective tissue

Structure

-matrix of parallel fibers

-fibroblasts

Function:

-Tensile strength and stretch resistance in one

Location:

-tendons

-ligaments

Dense Irregular Connective tissue

Strucuture

-collagen fibers in irregular bundles

-fibroblasts

-tye-die llings

Function

-tensile strength and stretch resistance in MULTIPLE directions

Location:

Dermis of skin

fibrous joint capsue

Elastic connective tissue

Structure

-wrinkly parallel fibers to recoil

Function

-elastic/recoil after stretching

Location:

-wall of arteries and bronchioles

Cartilage characteristics

-Avascular

-condrycytes in lacunae

-matrix

Hyaline Cartilage

Structure

-transparent matrix

-chondrocytes in lacunae

Function

-forms embryonic skeleton

-growth of long bones

-rigid and smooth, yet flexible

Location

-nose

-trachea

-articular cartilage

-epiphyseal plate

-costal cartilage of ribs

Fibrocartilage

Structure

-bundles of collagen fibers (semi-parallel)

-lacuna

Function

absorbs compression

-tensile strength

location

intervertebral disks

articualar disks

pubic symphysis

Elastic Cartilage

Structure

-Elastic fibers

lacuna

Function

-flexibility

-shape retention

Location

external ear

epiglottis

Bone Tissue

-most of skeleton

-solid matrix

-excellent blood suppy

-osteocytes in lacunae

-tree

Blood tissue

structure

-45% cells

-primary fluid: plasma

Function:

transport gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones

-fibrous proteins in the plasma help with clotting

Location

cardiovascular system

Summary of Connective tissues

Summary of specialized connective tissue

integumantary system: Functions of Skin

-physical barrier

-chemical barrier

-biological barrier

-body temp regulation

-cutaneous sensation (touch, temp, pressure, pain)

-vitamin D synthesis

-blood reservoir

-excretion

Skin Strucure

Epidermis

Dermis

Hypodermis

Epidermis

-thick stratified squamous epithelium

-kertainocytes

-desmosomes

-melanocytes

-langheran cells

-phagocytes

-immune protection

-merkel cells (touch)

-stata: layers of dead cells

Dermis

-connective tissue

-strutural support of skin

-rich supply of blood and nerves

-relationship with accessory structures

-papillary layer

-reticular layer

Papillary layer of dermis

-upper layer of the dermis that forms dermal papillae

-areolar connective tissue

-papillae project into epidermal layer (hills)

-dermal ridges (assist with grip/friction)

Reticular layer of dermis

-dense irregualr connective tissue

-thick bundles of collage

hypodermis

-loose connective tissue

-adipose tissue

Thick vs. thin skin (picture)