Practice Test - Missed Questions

3. Maria, a 25-year-old Latina woman, is in career counseling. In reviewing her background, the counselor determines that she has followed the ‘rules‘ and expectations of her close-knit family. She now finds herself in a position needing to support her family on her own and can‘t decide between three different occupational possibilities which she has heard about. Maria may be characterized as

A. career inefficacious.

B. career undecided.

C. needing more schooling.

D. career indecisive.

b

On a college campus, a group of students of color has been protesting their treatment alluding to harassing comments by whites and what they believe to be discrimination in the grading system by their professors. Eleven of these students have come to the campus counseling center and want to begin a group experience to arrive at some answers and find solutions. The most appropriate theoretical orientation of the counselor assigned to lead the group is

A. behavioral.

B. psychoanalytic.

C. gestalt.

D. person-centered.

a

Practicing positive or reinforcing self-statements has been called ‘stress inoculation.‘ Who is the behaviorally-oriented theorist who proposed this concept?

A. Bandura.

B. Wolpe.

C. Allport.

D. Meichenbaum.

d

Historically, there were many influences on the development of the testing movement. Which one of the following was NOT an early influence?

A. Civil rights movement.

B. Compulsory school attendance.

C. World War I.

D. Advances in statistical methodology. 

a

Jason, the sole source of income in the family, suffers unemployment unexpectedly. As the unemployment continues, a variety of consequences are likely to ensue for him, his wife, and their children. Research suggests that

A. the next job Jason finds will probably be better than the last one.

B. the children should not be told of their father‘s unemployment in order to reduce their anxiety.

C. it is unlikely that Jason will experience the grief cycle.

D. as unemployment continues, his wife will slowly pull away from her circle of friends.

d

A counselor educator at a large university studied different counseling modalities for students who came to the counseling center with relationship/self-esteem problems. There was a waiting list to accommodate all the students. As a researcher, he was curious whether men or women gained self-esteem differentially whether they were seen in individual counseling, group counseling, or small psychoeducational class (18 to 20 students). There was also a possibility of an interaction between gender and the kind of service they received. The appropriate statistical technique to use in this situation was

A. one-way analysis of variance.

B. factorial analysis of variance.

C. t-test.

D. multivariate analysis of variance. 

b

To establish its validity, a new test was administered to the same group which took a well-established test. The correlation coefficient between the two tests was .70. The amount of variance common to both instruments was

A. less than 50 percent.

B. 50 to 60 percent.

C. 61 to 70 percent.

D. more than 70 percent. 

a

Of various counselor characteristics, which one of the following has the most impact upon counseling success?

A. Counselor gender.

B. Counselor race.

C. Counselor age.

D. Counselor expertness.

d

The counselor determines that the client can more easily discuss painful material as part of a story or vignette. She decides to administer the Thematic Apperception Test to help the client in this process. This counselor is likely to be practicing from a ______ perspective.

A. Gestalt therapy

B. rational-emotive therapy

C. client-centered therapy

D. psychoanalytic therapy

d

According to Adler and others, birth order tends to result in unique psychological traits and social development. In counseling, birth order can help explain clients‘ traits and behaviors. Individuals who are carefree, outgoing, and not rule oriented and those individuals who are early maturers, high achievers and never ―dethroned‖

are probably

A. secondborns and only children.

B. firstborns and youngest children.

C. middle and only children.

D. secondborns and middle children. 

a

A high school career counselor had 24 seniors sign up for a three-session job seeking skills workshop. He randomly assigned 12 students to the job seeking group and 12 to a control group. The counselor developed some new materials and techniques to be used by the ‘experimental‘ group. In designing this study, the counselor was also concerned about

A. providing a placebo experience to the control group.

B. the Hawthorne effect.

C. confidentiality.

D. the halo effect.

a

According to Piaget, when a child is egocentric and unable to take the viewpoint of other people, he or she is in the stage called

A. concrete operations.

B. preoperational thought.

C. sensorimotor.

D. formal operations.

b

A middle school principal is curious whether different math-teaching techniques result in different (and better) math learning. She has three classrooms of fourth grade math students and assigns different math-teaching techniques to the three teachers to use for the school year. All students completed the same math exam in September as a pretest and will posttest in May. Upon examining math pretest scores, the principal finds that the Classroom A mean math score is 72, Classroom B mean is 88, and Classroom C mean is 73. In May, after posttest data are collected, an appropriate statistical procedure for the principal to apply first is

A. multiple regression.

B. analysis of covariance.

C. t-test.

D. analysis of variance.

b

Shortly after Christmas, a third grade teacher realized that several students in her class had not established any friendships with other children although they did classroom activities together when she put them in groups. The teacher could clearly identify some leaders, some loners and others. She decided to formally examine the social structure in her classroom and chose ______________ as her method for doing this.

A. sociometry

B. case study

C. personality testing

D. the interview

a

Following receipt of a bachelor‘s degree in sociology, Yolanda joined the Peace Corps. Now, at 25 years of age, she is reviewing her employment options by examining her personal needs and goals, interests, abilities, and opportunities and has made a tentative occupational choice. In light of Super‘s developmental stages, Yolanda is

A. in exactly the right stage.

B. ahead of expectations.

C. behind expectations.

D. not in any of Super‘s stages.

c

In a person-centered approach to groups, which of the following dynamics or process patterns is NOT likely to occur?

A. Expression of negative feelings.

B. Confrontation.

C. Cracking of facades.

D. Practicing disputing.

d

With the pressure for accountability, many mental health agencies ask their clients to complete evaluation forms following counseling. In assessing this self-report data, it is important to be aware of

A. scale deficiencies.

B. ‘halo‘ effect.

C. normative comparisons.

D. interrater reliability.

b

A counselor is about to begin a short-term group for whom generating insight is NOT an issue. The counselor is most likely to choose

A. psychoanalytical or TA approaches.

B. behavioral or reality approaches.

C. client-centered or Gestalt approaches.

D. Adlerian or cognitive approaches. 

b

A change in the forces in one part of a closed system affects the entire system. This can be accurately applied to

A. the Holland hexagon.

B. a support group.

C. force-field analysis.

D. Johari window.

d

In her career development theory, Linda Gottfredson identified four stages of development experienced by children. During the second stage, children begin to rule out some jobs as not appropriate for them. This stage is characterized by an orientation of children to

A. s3x roles.

B. internal, unique characteristics of self.

C. size and power.

D. social valuation.

a

Jaime, a sixteen year old sophomore, has developed a pattern of skipping classes. His homework is seldom completed and when it is, it does not represent his ability level. His parents have begun to look for an appropriate counselor for him. Although they don‘t know all the approaches available, Jaime might be helped best with a counselor using theoretical concepts from

A. behavioral and existential.

B. person-centered and rational emotive behavior.

C. Adlerian and psychoanalytic.

D. Gestalt and reality.

d

William Perry devised a scheme to represent the cognitive developmental stages through which individual intellectual and ethical development occurred. In his scheme, dualism was followed by

A. determinism.

B. commitment.

C. symbolism.

D. relativism.

d

In general, women earn about 82% of what men earn for a variety of reasons including their entry/re-entry pattern in the labor market, discrimination, and because the types of jobs most of them hold pay less. Which of the following statements is most accurate?

A. The glass ceiling is more of a barrier now than in the past.

B. The percentage of the labor force composed of women continues to increase dramatically.

C. There are fewer women than men in service-related occupations.

D. In terms of income, younger women compare more favorably with younger men than do older women compared to older men.

d

At a treatment center for delinquent girls, one of Carmen‘s clients expresses considerable rage toward her probation officer for “putting me in this place.” The girl has a plan to harm the probation officer when she gets an opportunity. Carmen believes she is justified in breaking confidence and warning the probation officer because of the

A. Buckley amendment.

B. 72-hour hold law.

C. mandatory disclosure rule.

D. Tarasoff case.

d

An elementary school counselor is designing a career development program to be implemented during the next school year. One of the student competencies the counselor would like to address at the elementary school level is

A. skills in making career transitions.

B. deciding on a career.

C. knowledge of the importance of the self-concept.

D. skills to locate and interpret career information.

c

As the middle child in the family, Ingrid felt her older brother always ‘got the breaks‘ from their mother and father. Her younger sister was ‘daddy‘s girl‘ and could do no wrong as far as he was concerned. In family counseling, Ingrid was asked to sculpt the family. It is likely that she

A. had her four family members hold hands in a circle with her inside.

B. had a line of family members with her brother between the parents, sister by father and she a few paces from the line.

C. had her four family members hold hands in a circle with her standing outside

D. had the three children stand together facing mother and father who stood side- by-side.

b

Occasionally, a counselor may have a conflict of their core value system with the values of a potential or existing client. Which of the following statements is most accurate?

A. The ACA Code of Ethics does not allow counselors to refuse to see a client with differing values.

B. Counselor education students have successfully sued universities in their right to refuse to see a client.

C. Several states have ruled that counselors may legally refuse to see certain clients.

D. Different sexual orientations is the only legitimate counselor/client value difference allowing counselors to refuse services.

a

A mental health counselor had data on three personality tests for over 300 former clients. The tests measured over 30 variables and the counselor was interested to see if these tests might be measuring some common factors. To do this, she conducted a

A. factor analysis.

B. content analysis.

C. factorial analysis of variance.

D. item analysis.

a

A personnel director of a medium-sized manufacturing firm was instructed to increase the percentage of hires who could successfully perform the delicate and complex jobs requiring finger dexterity. The personnel director was reluctant to add a test because the hiring procedures were already extensive. In reviewing possible tests to use in employee selection, the personnel director was most concerned about

A. standard error of measurement.

B. stability reliability.

C. face validity.

D. the norm group.

c

A random sample of 100 students from each class at a large university was sent a computer message by the Division of Student Services. The message title simply said ‘Important Message from Student Services’ and asked for acknowledgment of receipt. The number of hours it took the students to respond during the next seven days was measured for each of the four samples. An appropriate statistical analysis of the differences between the four classes was

A. one-way analysis of variance.

B. t-testfor groups.

C. multivariate analysis of variance.

D. analysis of covariance.

a

A high school counselor specializes in assisting graduating seniors to get into their college of choice with the best possible chance for financial aid. Which of the following counselor activities is NOT unethical?

A. Providing old copies of standardized tests.

B. Outlining essays which students will send to colleges.

C. Calling college financial aid officers on behalf of students.

D. Suggesting parents ‘doctor‘ tax statements to increase financial aid eligibility.

c

Self-efficacy is a central concept in social learning theory developed by Albert Bandura. This social learning model has been applied to a variety of activities including the __________ process.

A. consultation

B. accountability

C. play therapy

D. leadership

a

Which of the following is NOT part of the DSM-5?

A. Dimensional assessments.

B. Focus on pathophysiological origins of the disorder.

C. V codes.

D. Global Assessment of Functioning Scale. 

d

A counselor educator gave the same final exam to two classes studying human growth and development. In Class A, the final exam scores were normally distributed and in Class B there was a definite negative skew in exam results. The counselor educator would be correct in making the following statement.

A. More students mastered the material in Class A than Class B.

B. The mean, median, and mode are the same for Class A students.

C. Over 50% of students in Class A scored higher than the mean.

D. A different final exam should be used in each class. 

b

As a family counselor, Jody is very active in the process. Using her own self-awareness and what she experiences, she reflects this back to the family. In addition to her suggestions, she challenges current family ways of thinking and behaving. This family counseling approach is often called

A. psychodynamic.

B. interactional.

C. experiential.

D. structural.

c

Midlife stress

A. may be more common in those who had adjustment problems in adolescence.

B. is almost always the result of the empty-nest syndrome.

C. is experienced earlier by men than women.

D. is more a fiction than fact. 

a

Many individuals have both female and male characteristics, although one is usually dominant and visible. Counselors who focus in this area are said to be doing __________ counseling.

A. sexual orientation

B. androgynous

C. developmental

D. re-education

b

Given: Test Z Mean = 100 SD = 12 SE Meas. = 4

A student obtained a score of 112. An equivalent form of Test Z was administered to him. We could expect his score on the second test to fall into which range of scores about two-thirds of the time?

A. 96-104.

B. 108-116.

C. 104-120.

D. 88-112.

b

A mother and her two children have arranged for family therapy. The husband refuses to attend. The counselor is concerned with this development because a number of her beliefs about family counseling are not being met. Which of the following is NOT likely to be one of her beliefs?

A. The family is a system.

B. The traditional focus is the family.

C. Each family member is a unique emotional unit.

D. Pathology is family centered. 

c

During high school and for two years after, Juan has been employed in many jobs. However, eventually something happens and he is terminated by the employer. Although his attendance and work habits are poor, Juan believes that he is being discriminated against. In seeking a career counselor, Juan might benefit most from one who approaches clients from a

A. trait-factor perspective.

B. developmental perspective.

C. needs-based perspective.

D. social-learning perspective.

d

Assume you have a normal distribution of raw scores. Which of the following standard scores is farthest from the mean?

A. T-score = 35.

B. Stanine = 6.

C. z = -2.0.

D. Deviation IQ = 120. 

c

Research indicates that hiring older workers has advantages over their younger counterparts. Which of the following is NOT true?

A. There is minimal difference in output between older and younger workers.

B. Older workers take less frequent days off because of illness than do younger workers.

C. Older workers tend to leave their jobs sooner than younger workers.

D. The ability to learn many tasks at age 50 is about equal to that of age 16.

c

In career counseling, many clients have misconceptions about the purpose of assessment, such as: tests will tell them ‘what to be‘ or ‘what to do.‘ Which of the following statements is most accurate?

A. Assessment should move from a trait-factor ‗square-peg‘ approach to increasing personal information to support decision-making using all information.

B. Inventories should be used primarily to clear up differences between interests and abilities.

C. Vocational inventories‘ validities and reliabilities are not important as long as the tests encourage exploration on the part of the client.

D. Inventories of career maturity are commonly used to supplement the information gained through the use of other career tests. 

a

Relational-cultural theory is gaining impetus in the conduct of therapy. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. Relational-cultural theory applies to women but not men.

B. Connections to others are central and powerful.

C. Relational-cultural theory believes connections also facilitate changes in the brain.

D. Counseling issues may include privilege, power and marginalization.

a

A family counselor decides to visit the family home and observe the behavior of one of the children who appears seriously disturbed. In setting up the visitation schedule, the counselor is concerned about all of the following EXCEPT

A. time sampling.

B. observing in approximately uniform periods each day.

C. making sure that the family members who are at home do not change on every visit.

D. making sure all family members are present every time. 

d

‘Asymmetry of roles‘ and ‘identity tension line‘ refer to

A. dual-career couples.

B. displaced homemakers.

C. dropouts.

D. midlife crisis.

a

A counselor working in a juvenile group home designed an inventory of social skills which each resident takes. The purpose of this inventory is to substitute for other ways of estimating the social skills level of the residents. Since the purpose of this inventory is to substitute for other methods of measurement, the most appropriate type of validity we are concerned with here is

A. construct.

B. concurrent.

C. content.

D. face.

b

A key provision of the Individuals With Disabilities Act is

A. inclusion of the child in all regular classes and activities.

B. identify high school students for vocational training.

C. develop new intelligence tests.

D. institutionalize the mentally retarded. 

a

Antonio is investigating the differences in social skills between homeless veterans and a sample of veterans who are not homeless. As he gets to the point of data collection, he realizes that he will be limited to assessing only those veterans of each group who volunteer to participate. Because of that, when it comes time for data analysis, Antonio will probably have to use

A. regression statistics.

B. nonparametric statistics.

C. parametric statistics.

D. factor analysis.

a

Older adults experience a number of developmental demands. Many of these demands relate to transitions they experience such as those related to changing physical capacities, family and social relationships, and social roles. One successful counseling approach with older adults is to

A. identify the obsolescence the older adult represents and help him or her face it.

B. encourage older adults to transition themselves into appropriate nursing homes.

C. use a problem solving approach focusing on specific and immediate problems.

D. review their past life in considerable detail. 

c

A holistic approach to therapy is identified with Arnold Lazarus. His approach addresses several modalities and may be summarized using the acronym

A. BASIC ID.

B. RIASEC.

C. REBT.

D. SOLER.

a

In object relations theory, interpersonal relationships are important in shaping an individual‘s interactions with others both in reality and fantasy. In the developmental process, the individual passes through four stages according to this theory. The third stage is

A. reintegration.

B. separation/individuation.

C. assimilation.

D. symbiosis.

b

In conducting a group, both content and process are important. During each session, one can designate a warm-up, action, and closure portions. In general, one would want the following combination of content/process and warm-up/action/closure.

A. More content in warm-up and more process in closure.

B. Equal amounts of content and process in all three portions.

C. More content in warm-up, mostly process in action, and more content in closure.

D. More process in warm-up and action and more content in closure. 

b

A researcher designs an experimental study on a college campus which focuses on sexual harassment and date rape. An experimental and a control group of 50 freshmen were randomly selected. The experimental group spent one hour for each of six weeks in discussion groups in September and October. In April, the researcher designed a survey to measure any differences in knowledge and behavior between the two groups pertaining to sexual harassment and date rape. Unfortunately, many students were not available to complete the instrument. Potential internal validity issues in this study include

A. attrition and instrumentation.

B. selection of subjects and experimenter bias.

C. mortality and maturation.

D. Hawthorne effect and experimenter bias.

a

Privileged communication is a(n) ________ concept.

A. ethical

B. legal

C. both ethical and legal

D. neither ethical nor legal 

b

Piaget contributed many concepts to the notion of cognitive development that occurs through childhood and the early teen years. One of his constructs addresses the mental structure that processes information and experiences. He called this

A. schema.

B. assimilation.

C. adaptation.

D. tabula rasa.

a

One of the social learning theories which has relevance to career development and vocational behavior is that of Albert Bandura who is associated with the concept of self-efficacy. Whether or not a person expects to be successful in certain behaviors is based on four sources of information available to him or her. Which of the following is NOT one of those sources?

A. Verbal persuasion which includes encouragement and support from others.

B. Emotional arousal which includes tuning in to physiological states such as anxiety.

C. Vicarious experiences which might include modeling and role playing.

D. Positive uncertainty which means that a person is open to unpredictability and randomness in career development.

d

In terms of establishing an effective and trusting multicultural group, one of the most important variables may be

A. size.

B. number of languages spoken.

C. experience in previous groups.

D. open vs. closed nature of the group. 

b

A counselor works at a hospital which allows a maximum of eight group counseling sessions on an outpatient basis. The counselor is to begin a new group consisting primarily of recovering alcoholics. Under these circumstances, because the counselor is flexible in the theoretical approach she can use, she decides that the best approach would be

A. transactional analysis.

B. client-centered.

C. psychoanalytical.

D. existential.

a

A behavioral counselor is working with a client who complains of anxiety. Together the counselor and the client examine both the antecedents and consequences of the behavior (anxiety). Understanding the nature of operant conditioning, the counselor and the client decide to eliminate the unwanted behavior through extinction by

A. aversive counterconditioning.

B. implosion or flooding.

C. punishment.

D. thought stopping.

b

Client: “I don‘t know if this is doing any good. I still get real anxious when I get to the office.”

Counselor: “The anxiety is still there when you get to work so you‘re wondering if this counseling is working.”

The counselor‘s response is an example of a(n)

A. interpretation.

B. reflection.

C. confrontation.

D. restatement.

d

Josie is a counselor at a day treatment center. One of her clients is an aggressive seven-year-old boy who is physically active but verbally shy in session. Josie may find that her most effective play therapy technique to stimulate the boy to share is

A. puppets.

B. sand tray.

C. competitive board games.

D. drawing.

c

Which one of the following concepts is NOT associated with H.B. Gelatt?

A. Planned happenstance.

B. Decision-making process.

C. Two-by-four process (attitudes and factors)

D. Positive uncertainty.

a

In deciding to use parametric statistics such as t-test or analysis of variance, data from which one of the following samples would appear to be appropriate?

A. Random sample.

B. Sample of convenience.

C. Skewed sample.

D. Sample with a bi-modal distribution. 

a

Which of the following statements about licensure of professional counselors is true?

A. With a doctorate, you can become licensed automatically.

B. Most states make up their own exam for licensure.

C. Some states have ‗title-control‘ laws which means anyone can counsel legally.

D. Some states‘ licensure laws allow 36-credit hour master‘s degree for licensure

c

Convergent and discriminant are concepts associated with which of the following validities?

A. Predictive.

B. Content.

C. Concurrent.

D. Construct.

d

In his first counseling session, Rudy shares a brief account of his problems with an emphasis on how these problems have influenced his life in the past and continue to do so. Working from a social constructionist point of view, the counselor is likely to use the following techniques

A. deconstruction and reauthoring.

B. social modeling and problem-solving.

C. empowering techniques and gender-role analysis.

D. homework assignment and two-chair techniques. 

a

The Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (STEP) program is based on the theoretical concepts of

A. Rogers.

B. Haley.

C. Adler.

D. Glasser.

c

After a counseling program has been developed and implemented, a key step to assure its successful operation is

A. designing goals and objectives.

B. doing a needs assessment.

C. conducting a pilot study.

D. conducting an evaluation.

d

The therapist who is closely associated with structural family therapy is

A. Framo.

B. Whitaker.

C. Satir.

D. Minuchin

d

A school counselor is assisting an eighth grader in determining which specialized high school she should attend next fall. The counselor might be LEAST concerned with

A. maximal performance tests.

B. sociometric assessments

C. grade equivalent scores

D. age equivalent scores

b

Portability is a current and important issue within the field of professional counseling. To have portability means

A. you can practice counseling in more than one state.

B. you will never need more graduate credits no matter what state you move to.

C. a degree in a non-related field will be acceptable along with extensive experience.

D. the process of becoming licensed in another state will be expedited.

d

There are a number of confounding variables which threaten the internal and external validity of an experiment. Which of the following is a threat to just one kind of validity?

A. Instrumentation.

B. Ecological validity.

C. Selection of subjects.

D. Experimenter bias.

b