History Midterm

13th Amendment

• Marked the end of Slavery

• From came the Freedmen’s Bureau

• Ratified in 1865

14th Amendment

Guaranteed civil rights to all citizens, whether native or “naturalized”

• Ratified in 1868

15th Amendment

Guaranteed all citizens the right to vote with no regard to race or color

• Ratified in 1870

Freedmen’s Bureau

Helped previously enslaved people to adjust to newfound freedom and liberties

• (1865-1872)

Carpetbaggers

White Northerners who supported racial equality (Freedmen’s Bureau)

• Were hated by White Southerners

Scalawag

Republicans born in the South who were not slave-owners; aimed to reduce the powers of the plantation’s/plantation owners

• Hated by White Southerners

Sharecropping

Another manner in which slavery continued to be prevalent in the South

• Those former enslaved people or poor white people would work for plantation owners and kept extremely little profit from crops sold and were given strict rules to follow by plantation owners

Reconstruction

1) Marks the end of the Civil War

2) Motions set in place to build the nation back up from the damage of the war

• Physically

• Ideologically

Ku Klux Klan

• Hate group that emerged during the time of Reconstruction from Tennessee

• Advocated for the “old South” by terrorizing former enslaved people/minorities through violence and fear

Black Codes

• Cheap Labor if not free labor that was similar to that of Slavery

Plessy v. Ferguson

“Separate but Equal”

• Institutionalized the idea that there must be separate facilities for other minorities separate to that of the White ones, that were of the same standard or quality

• Almost all cases, the facilities were of poorer quality to that of their White counterparts

Monopoly

Where a singular company dominates a market (ex. Computers & Microsoft)

Populism

• Focused on the problems of everyday people

• “folks”

Bimetallism

The use of Gold & Silver to back the U.S. currency

Election of 1896

• Popular issues: Monetary policy and Labor rights

• Populists = Silver; Wealthy People = Gold

• Populist Champion: William Jennings Bryan

• Populists = Democrats; Wealthy = Republicans

Gilded Age

Focused on Industrialization, Expansion of power, and Modern-day Capitalism

Gospel of Wealth

• By: Andrew Carnegie

• Exemplified the need of Wealthy persons to distribute their EXCESS wealth to the people or less fortunate

• Philanthropy

Chinese Exclusion Act

Law set in place to restrict/prevent Chinese immigration to America

Social Darwinism

• Analogy to that of “survival of the fittest”

• Those destined for success would become wealthy; and the same for those who are poor

Prohibition

Law enacted almost nationwide that saw the consumption and distribution of any Alcohol to be illegal

• Left room for bootleggers/moonshiners to become high commodity in the underground market

Harlem Renaissance

• Guided by self-determination of the black culture and artistry in places like Harlem, Chicago, etc.

New Negro “Alan Locke”

• Describes the new generation of African Americans who are rejecting the traditional stereotypes set in place by society

Red Scare

• Fear of communism taking over the long rule of Democracy in America

Meat Inspection Act

• Response to Upton Sinclair’s the Jungle detailing the horrors of meat packing industry

• Public outcry moved for government intervention in the matter

Triangle Shirtwaist Co.

• Fire in a factory

• Management trapped the female workers in higher floors by locking doors

• Some women became desperate and jumped out of windows in hopes of escape

Lynching

• Violent tactic used by the KKK to invoke fear in their opposition (ex. Republicans, minorities, White Southerners who did not share their sentiments)

Square Deal

Government is for the people through the 3 C’s:

• Control of Corporations

• Consumer Protections

• Conservation

NAACP

• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

• emerged during Civil Rights Movement

• Political action required for those minorities to gain equality

Scopes Trial

Teacher in Tennessee violated state law by teaching the theory of evolution to students

The Great Migration

• Southern Blacks migrating to the North after WW1

• More job availability to labor shortage

Sedition Act 1917 (ID/Significance)

ID = an act passed in 1917 that outlawed speaking out against the US Government as well as interfering with war efforts

Significance= this act put further restriction of the First Amendment of the Constitution which is Freedom of Speech/Expression. Allowed government to take the liberties given to all citizens pick and choose what was and wasn’t allowed

18th Amendment

Made it illegal to manufacture, sale, or transport alcoholic beverages; was repealed in 1933

19th Amendment

Barred sex or gender as a reason to restrict an individual’s voting rights

“Lost Cause” (ID/Significance)

ID = A romanticized view of the South during slavery before the Civil War

Significance = It created a rift in progress in equality in the South for many formerly enslaved people. Further causing prejudice/violence against the people.

Immigration Restriction League

Political organization founded in 1894 that called for reducing immigration to US by requiring literacy test for immigrants

“100% Americanism”

ID = The motto of the KKK that was used to express their devotion to America and their idealization that the true American was that of an individual was that White, born in America/Anglo-Saxon

Significance = Further caused discrimination against immigrants, Jews, Catholics, Irish, and those non-white citizens and considered them “un-American”

Roosevelt Corollary (ID/Significance)

ID =

• US intervention could be used during a time of war to prevent European power developing in the Western Hemisphere

Significance =

• Further developed the power of the United States in territories beyond North America

• Created a turning point in US foreign policy

Haymarket Market Bombing

ID =

• A labor movement strike that took place in Chicago after four strikers were killed

• An individual had thrown a bomb into the crowd that caused chaos among bystanders and police

• By the end, 8 people were killed, 7 of them being policemen

Significance =

• Employers used this event to mark the dangers of strikes and labor unions and its un-American attitude

• Left workers at the hands of employers, whether it be low wages, harsher work conditions, workers no longer had a voice when it came to labor

Palmar Raids (ID/Significance)

ID =

• Post-war anxiety that labeled immigrants as anarchists and socialists/communists

• Even if the individuals had little evidence to prove that they were any of these things

Significance =

• These anti-immigrants’ sentiments overruled the basic rights endowed onto every US citizen, immigrant or native

• Highlights tension among many communities in America pitting cultures against one another

The Jungle (ID/Significance)

ID=

• Book written by Upton Sinclair about the meat packing industry

Significance =

• Americans were outraged by standards

• Demanded government intervention

• Passed meat inspection act

Maternalism Reform

ID =

• Working women should be compensated for working, but also for the work done in the home

• During Progressive Era

Significance =

• Further allowed women to voice their concerns and issues on a national platform

• Promoted Economic Independence for women while also raising a family

1924 Emergency Quota Act (ID/Significance)

ID =

• Restricted immigrants from ‘undesirable” locations

• Included Asia, Africa, Certain regions of Europe

Significance =

• created the category of “Illegal Alien”

• created enforcement mechanism in Border Patrol

Fundamentalism (ID/Significance)

ID =

• Anti-modernist protestant movement

• Proclaimed the LITERAL truth of the bible formed the basis of Christian faith

• Clung strongly to the teachings of the bible and held the truths of the earth’s creation within its pages to be “THE TRUTH”

Significance =

• This ideal created tension among other beliefs in the country

• Contributed greatly to the opposing argument of the Scopes Trial, arguing against the teaching of evolution in schools

• Created long-lasting in Christianity nationwide by building their own academic institutions to teach the bible and Preacher’s interpretation of Christianity

“Lost Generation” (ID/Significance)

ID =

• disillusionment with American values & culture

• Other nations deemed America is a “cultural wasteland”

Significance =

• Many Americans wound up migrating to Europe

• This disillusionment is what, many consider, led us to war and suppression

Radical Republicans (ID/Significance)

ID =

• Group within the Republican Party

• Advocated for a strong resistance against the expansion of Slavery

• Equal civil and political rights for Black men during Reconstruction

Significance =

• These Radicals persistence upon equality for all aided in the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 as well as the 14th Amendment (ratifying the Civil Rights Act in many US states)

Social Gospel (ID/Significance)

ID =

• Advocated for the application of Christian principles onto social issues that came about from industrialization

• Aimed at the church to make them more attentive to social issues

Significance =

• Led to the establishment of programs to aid the impoverished in urban areas

• Made known the majority’s dissatisfaction in “contractual liberty” type of freedom

Initiative, Referendum, Recall (ID/Significance)

ID =

• Initiative = allowed citizens to vote on and propose bills/laws

• Referendum = allowed public policies to be submitted for popular vote

• Recall = removal of public official via popular vote

Significance =

• Allowed citizens to have a greater voice in the government

• Weakened the powers of political bosses

Populist Party Reform (ID/Significance)

ID =

• Advocated for 8-hr workdays, silver to back currency, direct election of senators

• Called for public ownership of railroads

Significance =

• Gave rise to potential Third-Party domination

• Gave a voice to industrial workers/laborers

A Living Wage

Book written by John A Ryan in 1906 describing a decent standard of living being a “natural right”

Settlement House

A branch of Social Services offered in Urban immigrant neighborhoods

Fordism

Economic system powered by Ford Motors highlighted by high wages and mass consumption in the early 1900s

Urbanization

Mass withdrawal of Immigrants and rural Americans to the cities for better opportunities

Progress and Poverty

Book written in 1879 by Henry George detailing the economic systems that plague American soil

• proposed the idea of Single Tax, taxing only landowners to combat poverty

Ghettoization

Areas that consisted of many ethnic tenements that were plagued by poverty and lack of sanitation as well as high crime

Marcus Garvey

Advocated for African American self-determination by building their own businesses, cultural centers, newspapers. As well as further spread their cultural and make it known

W.E.B. DuBois

A black educator and activist; “Who Is America?”

Booker T. Washington

A Former slave; advocated that obtaining skilled jobs and farms were more valuable than citizenship; Atlanta Compromise

Ida B. Wells

Lynch Law in all Its Phases; aimed to awaken public to racial terrorism

“The Color Line”

Racial divides & Debating Black Inclusion

The Spanish-American War

• Lasted Four Months

• Resulted in 400 American deaths

• Most important engagement took place at Manila Bay

• Took place in 1898

New Imperialsim

• Took place after 1870

• Controlled by European Powers

• Excuse was that it would bring modern civilization to the supposedly backward peoples of the non-European world

Progressivism

Broad reform movement that took place between 1900-1917 to fix American education, public health, the economy, environment, politics, transportation

Americanization

“Make Immigrants to Americans”

Pluralism

Increased Integration

Jacob Riis

• Wrote How the Other Half Lives in 1890

• offered shocking account of living conditions among the urban poor, complete with photos

Charlotte Perkins Gliman

• wrote Women and Economics in 1898

• Offered evidence of a “spirit of personal independence”

• Transformation of both economic and family life

Eugene V. Debbs

• Convicted under The Espionage Act in 1918 as a result of an anti-war speech he had made

• Was initially sentenced to 10 years in jail