Biology Bacteria Notes

Girolamo Fracastoro

Discovered germs and microorganisms can cause diseases.

Prokaryote gene transfer

Increases genetic variation.

Conjugation

Genetic information transferred by cell to cell contact.

Cyanobacteria

Caused oxygen revolution after 2.3 billion years.

Heterocysts

Structures where nitrogen fixation occurs.

Firmicutes

In animal intestines. Cause tetanus, gangrene and strep throat (produce endospores).

Actinobacteria

In soil and freshwater. Important decomposers in over 3,000 antimicrobial compounds. Cause leprosy and tuberculosis.

Spirochaetes

In animal guts as pathogens. Cause syphilis, lyme disease and leptospirosis.

Chlamydiae

In host cells. Parasitic endosymbiotes who produce ATP.

Thaumarchaeota

Chemolithoautotroph that uses ammonia as energy.

Mesophilic

Grows best at moderate temperatures.

Crenarchaeota

Produce protein fibers that attach to sulfur granules.

Tests (biology)

Hard shell of aquatic organisms.

Eukaryotes

Have organelles and multicellular. Both sexual and asexual reproduction.

Protists

Paraphyletic eukaryotes (except fungi, animals and land plants).

Phytophora

Infestans cause destroyed potatos.

Peptidoglycan

In bacteria and chloroplasts.

Plasmodium

Mosquito contact to humans cause malaria. An apicomplexan.

Origin of Nuclear Envelope

Separated transcription and translation through in-folding plasma membrane.

Protobacteria

Pathogens in aquatic environments. Key role in nitrogen cycling.

Bacteriochlorophyll

What purple bacteria contain.

Sporophyte

When plants produce spores. Always diploid (2n).

Korarchaeota

From direct sequencing.

Nanoarchaeota

One species.

Parabasalids

Reduced mitochondria (hydrogenosomes). Cause trichomonas vaginalis (yeast infection).

Excavata

All have cytoskeletons.

Mitosomes

Modified mitochondria parasites present in diplomonads and parabasalids.

Euglenozoa

Spiral or crystalline rod.

Glaucophyta

Rare freshwater algae. Red from phycoerythrin.

Choanoflagellates

Unicellular filter feeders.

Euglenids

1 or 2 flagella. Some are both auto and heterotrophic (mixotrophic).

Rhizaria

Lack cell walls.

Actinopods

Made of silia tests.

Foraminiferans

Made of calcium.

Chlorarchinophytes

Are mixotrophic.

Alveolata

Membrane enclosed sacs beneath plasma membrane.

Ciliates

Large macronuclei and small micronuclei.

Dinoflagellates

Water based with internal cellulose plates.

Kinetoplastids

Organized mass of DNA that includes trypanosoma (sleeping sickness). Transmitted by blood feeders and swims in the hosts blood.

Apicomplexans

Parasites that produce gametes.

Oomycetes

Convergent to fungi.

Lobose

Freshwater hunters that lack cell walls.

Cellular slime molds

Cells separated by their membranes. Are multinucleate.

Brown Algae

Biggest and form kelp.

Green Algae

Protists with clues on how plants started living on land.

Ulvophyceae

Unicellular in marine environments. Motile spores/gametes and alternation of generations.

Charophyceae

Freshwater and eggs are retained on parent after fertilization.

Coleochaetophyceae

Freshwater and motile, but no genetic alternation.

Zygnematophyceae

Sister taxon to all land plants. Conjugation tubes both sexual and asexual reproduction.

Cuticle

Plant skin to prevent CO2 diffusion.

Stomata

Allows gas exchange for CO2.

Flavonoids

UV absorbing compounds that protect DNA. Spores are resistant to desiccation.

Gametophyte (sperm and egg)

Multicellular haploid phase (dominant and longer lived).

Sporophyte

Multicellular diploid phase.

All non-vascular plants

Lack true leaves, roots and vascular tissue. Flagellated sperm and spores.

Xylem (wood)

Transport water upwards.

Phloem (sap)

Translocates sugars made during photosynthesis.

Bryophyta (moss)

Some withstand drying. Peat is fuel and only 2 sexes.

Anthocerophyta

Sporophytes have stomata and some have symbiotic cyanobacteria.

Hepaticophyta

No stomata. Reproduce from gemmae.

Lycophyta (club moss)

Ancient lineage, true roots and once tree sized.

Psilophyta (whisk fern)

Symbiotic fungi and branching stems.

Pteridophyta (ferns)

In moist humid environments. Minimize self fertilization.

Equisetophyta/Sphenophyta (horsetails)

Hollow stems for O2 transport.

Angiosperms (roses)

Produce seeds in ovaries. All use wind.

Gymnosperms

Increased embryo survival.

Ginkophyta

Deciduous (lose leaves in winter).

Pinophyta (pines)

Grows in cold dry areas. Wind reproduction.

Cycadophyta (palms)

Possess compound leaves. N-fixation and wind reproduction.

Cupressophyta

Small leaves reduce water loss. Wind reproduction.

Gnetophyte

Double fertilization with two embryos. Wind pollinated.

Basal Angiosperms (water lilies)

Paraphyletic and no vessel elements.

Monocotyledons (grasses)

Single groove pollen grains. Lack secondary growth.

Magnoliids (magnolia)

Numerous petals and sepals.

Sepals

Photosynthetic and protection.

Calyx

All sepals in flower.

Corolla

All petals in flower.

Stamens (male)

Produce pollen.

Carpels (female)

Produce ovules.

Filament

Slender stalk.

Anthers

Pollen producing organs.

Perfect Flowers

Contain both stamens and carpels.

Dried Seeds

Contain 5-20% water concentration.

Sugars

Maintain integrity of plasma membranes and proteins.

Prokaryote Domains

Bacteria and Archaea.

Fern Antheridia

Develops on underside of gametophyte.

Microsporangia

Located in stamen.

Archegonia

Contain sporophyte embryos.

Haploid spores

Produced by meiosis.

Rhizomes and corms

Involved in asexual reproduction.

Seed Coat

Integuments of ovule.

Generations

Alternate between gametophyte and sporophyte.

Diatoms

Glasslike walls containing silica.

Pericap

Surrounds and protects the seeds.