Lecture Exam 2 Prep

EPSP

depolarizes cell toward threshold

IPSP

hyperpolarizes cell away from threshold

Skeletal system

Bones, cartilage, and ligaments

Cartilage

Semi-rigid connective tissue

Mature cartilage

Avascular tissue

Chondroblast

Immature cartilage that produces ECM

Chondrocyte

Mature cartilage cell in lacuna

Hyaline cartilage locations

Joints, costal cartilage, nose, and trachea

Fibrocartilage locations

Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

Elastic cartilage locations

Ear and epiglottis

Cartilage functions

Supports soft tissue, joints, and fetal bone growth

Long bone

longer than wide

Short bone

about as wide as long

Flat bone

Broad thin bone

Diaphysis

Shaft of long bone

Epiphysis

Enlarged end of long bone

Epiphyseal line

Ossified remnant of growth plate

Articular cartilage

Hyaline cartilage covering epiphysis

Medullary cavity

Cylindrical space in diaphysis

Yellow bone marrow

Fatty tissue in medullary cavity

Red bone marrow

Produces blood cells

Spongy bone

Inner honeycomb bone containing trabeculae

Compact bone

dense outer bone

Periosteum

Tough outer fibrous membrane

Perforating fibers

Anchor periosteum to bone

Endosteum

internal bone membrane

Osteogenic cell

Stem cell in periosteum/endosteum that becomes osteoblast

Osteoblast

Bone building cell, deposition

Osteocyte

Mature bone cell, maintains tissue

Osteoclast

Multinucleated cell, resorption

Bone cell sequence

osteogenic, osteoblast, osteocyte

Organic bone matrix

Cells and collagen fibers, resist twist and pull

Inorganic bone matrix

Hydroxyapatite minerals, resist compression

Main mineral in bone matrix

Hydroxyapatite

Trabeculae

spongy bone branches

Osteon

Structural unit of compact bone

Central canal

Center osteon hole containing blood vessels and nerves

Perforating canal

Connects central canals and carries blood

Canaliculi

Tiny channels connecting lacunae

Concentric lamellae

Rings of bone matrix around central canal

Circumferential lamellae

matrix rings along periosteum and endosteum

Interstitial lamellae

old osteon remnants between new osteons

Intramembranous ossification

Bone formation that begins in mesenchyme

Bones formed intramembranously

skull, facial, mandible and clavicle

Endochondral ossification

Bone formation that begins with hyaline cartilage

Bones formed endochondrally

Most bones of body

Bone collar

Early compact bone formed during endochondral

Epiphyseal plate

Band of cartilage where growing long bone lengthens

Appositional growth

Growth in diameter

Cells in appositional growth

Osteoblasts add outer while osteoclasts enlarge cavity

Interstitial bone growth

Growth in length at epiphyseal plate

Bone remodeling

Continuous deposition and resorption

Functions of bone remodeling

Calcium balance, old bone replacement, and stress adaptation

Axial skeleton

Skull, spine, thoracic cage, hyoid, and ossicles

Appendicular skeleton

Upper and lower limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdles

Cranial bones

contact brain

Facial bones

not brain contact

Sutures

Joints that hold skull bones together

Paranasal sinuses

Air filled spaces in skull around the nasal cavity

Paranasal sinus functions

Warm and humidify air, voice resonance, and reduce skull weight

Four paranasal sinuses

Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary

Anterior nasal septum

Hyaline cartilage

Posterior nasal septum

Ethmoid and vomer

Deviated septum causes

Congenital or traumatic

Deviated septum symptoms

Sinus infections, snoring, sneezing, nosebleeds, or reduced smell

Palate

Separates the oral and nasal cavity

Hard palate bones

Palatine process of maxilla and horizontal palatine plate

Unilateral cleft

one side

Bilateral cleft

both sides

Complete cleft lip

Extends to nostril

Incomplete cleft lip

Does not extend to nostril

Complete cleft palate

entire palate

Incomplete cleft palate

part of palate

Bone depression

bone cleft, fossa, facet, fovea, or groove

Depression functions

Allows travel along bone or forms joints

Bone projection

Bony extension, condyle, crest, tubercle, or process

Projection functions

Provides attachment or forms and stabilizes joints

Bone opening

Hole, canal, fissure, or foramen

Opening functions

Allows pass through or protection

Foramen magnum

skull opening for spinal cord

Optic canal

allows optic nerve and ophthalmic artery to pass

External acoustic meatus

Canal carries sound toward tympanic membrane

Five vertebral regions

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal

Cervical vertebrae #

7

Thoracic vertebrae #

12

Lumbar vertebrae #

5

Sacrum #

5 fused

Coccyx #

4 fused

Curvature pattern

Concave, Convex, Concave, Convex

Cervical curvature function

holds head upright

Lumbar curvature function

Shifts weight toward sacrum for balance and support

Kyphosis

hunchback, thoracic

Lordosis

butt stick out, lumbar

Scoliosis

Lateral curvature of spine

Vertebral body

Weight bearing portion of vertebrae

Spinous process

Posterior projection for protection and muscle attachment

Transverse process

Lateral projection for muscle attachment

Vertebral foramen

spinal cord opening

Cervical vertebra identifier

2 holes, heart opening, forked processes

Thoracic vertebra identifier

long processes, heart body, circle hole