COMM RESEARCH

What is the process of executing various mental acts to discover and examine facts to prove the accuracy of claims?

Research

What is the primary purpose of conducting research?

• To acquire knowledge and criticize

• To solve problems and discover solutions

• To become a better thinker

According to Litchman (2013), what does research require you to do regarding your chosen topic?

To inquire or investigate by asking questions

 Which kind of research is also referred to as a “scientific investigation of phenomena that links man's assumption with reality”?

Research

Which characteristic of research requires that the topic be fresh, new, and interesting to present society?

Timeliness

A research topic that is instrumental in improving society or solving community problems is defined by which characteristic?

Relevance

Which characteristic of research emphasizes that it must give correct or accurate data, properly documented and acknowledged?

Accuracy

Which characteristic of research states that it must deal with facts, not with mere opinions arising from assumptions or generalizations?

Objectiveness

When research designs and procedures can be replicated to different subjects and venues, it demonstrates which characteristic?

Replicability

Which characteristic of research states that it must start with a problem and end with a problem?

Cyclical

A research topic is considered “researchable” if the knowledge about it is supported by what?

Evidence that is observable, factual, and logical.

Which of the following research topics is explicitly identified as “to be avoided”?

A controversial topic

Which of the following research topics is considered “too broad” and should be narrowed down?

The life of students in the Philippines.

 What is the first and foremost step in research?

Selecting and properly defining a research problem

What is a key characteristic of a research problem, often summarized by the acronym SMART?

Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-bound

 What characteristic of a research problem is described by “Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-bound”?

SMART

Which element of a research problem answers the question “Where” the research is to be conducted?

The place or locale

Which of the following is an example of an “external criteria” in formulating a research problem?

The support of the academic community

What type of research aims to increase your knowledge about something and deals with concepts, principles, and abstract things?

Pure Research

Which type of research aims at defining or giving a verbal portrayal or picture of a person, thing, event, or situation?

Descriptive

If a research study shows the relationship or connectedness of two factors or variables, what type of research is it?

Correlational

What kind of research elaborates or explains not just a reason behind the relationship of two factors but also the ways by which such relationship exists?

Explanatory

Which type of research studies an ongoing practice of a school, organization, or community for the purpose of obtaining results that will bring improvements in the system?

Action Research

What is the primary purpose of action research?

 To bring about improvements in a school, organization, or community system.

What is the purpose of exploratory research?

To find out how reasonable it is to conduct a research study on a certain topic.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of quantitative research?

Slow data collection

Quantitative research findings are typically presented in what form?

Numerical forms (percentage, fractions, numbers)

According to Cristobal & Cristobal (2013), what kind of reasoning does quantitative research utilize to generate predictions tested in the real world?

Deductive reasoning

One characteristic of quantitative research is that data must come from a large sample size to obtain more meaningful statistical results. What is this characteristic?

 Large Sample Size

Which characteristic of quantitative research allows for presentation through graphs, charts, and tables due to its numerical nature?

Visual Result Presentation

What is a strength of quantitative research regarding its findings?

Findings are generalizable to the population.

Which of the following is considered a weakness of quantitative research?

 It lacks the necessary data to explore a problem in depth.

Which of the following is a weakness of quantitative research?

 It lacks the necessary data to explore a problem or concept in depth.

In what field would quantitative research be used to find or enhance alternative energy sources?

Natural and Physical Sciences

In what field would quantitative research be applied to investigate the effectiveness of a product or treatment of illnesses, such as “Antidiabetic properties of common Philippine herbs”?

Natural and Physical Sciences

Which field would use quantitative research to devise marketing strategies and improve marketability, with an example like “Effectiveness of Facebook ads on sales”?

Business

 Which type of quantitative research aims to describe a particular phenomenon by observing it in nature without experimental manipulation?

Descriptive

What type of quantitative research design is used to describe a particular phenomenon by observing it as it occurs in nature, without experimental manipulation?

Descriptive design

Which kind of quantitative research establishes a cause and effect relationship and provides a more conclusive result due to the use of random assignment of subjects?

Experimental

Which type of quantitative research design is used to investigate a possible relationship between previous events and present conditions?

 Ex post facto

Which quantitative research design investigates a possible relationship between previous events and present conditions, looking at the possible causes of an already occurring phenomenon?

Ex post facto design (causal comparative)

A research study titled “Relationship between the Number of Hours Spent in Studying Textbook to the Grades of the Students” is an example of which quantitative research design?

Correlational design

Which quantitative research design shows the relationship or connectedness between two factors or variables?

Correlational design

What is the term for a variable that is the presumed cause, pre-defined, and manipulated by the researcher?

 Independent variable

In the example, “The effect of different types of organic fertilizer on the growth of plants,” what is the dependent variable?

Growth of plants

In the example, “The effect of COVID 19 pandemic on the learning performance of the students,” what is the independent variable?

The COVID 19 pandemic

What is the purpose of an extraneous variable?

It is a factor that may influence the outcome but is not manipulated by the researcher.

What is a confounding variable?

 An extraneous variable that is not controlled by the researcher and affects the outcome.

What kind of variable is “the number of students in a class”?

Discrete variable

Variables that are countable using whole numbers and do not take negative values or values between fixed points are called what?

Discrete variables

What is the key difference between a continuous variable and a discrete variable?

A continuous variable takes fractional values, while a discrete variable uses whole numbers.

Which of the following is a quantitative variable with a true zero value, such as age and height?

Ratio

What type of numerical data has equal and meaningful intervals between consecutive values but no true zero starting point, e.g., temperature in Celsius and IQ?

Interval

What is a characteristic of qualitative variables?

They can be divided into nominal, ordinal, or dichotomous.

A variable that is ranked in a certain order, like “strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree” in a survey, is what type of qualitative variable?

Ordinal

Which of the following is an example of an ordinal variable?

 Academic honors

Which type of qualitative variable consists of only two distinct categories or values, such as a “yes” or “no” response?

Dichotomous

When classifying subjects into groups without any inherent order, e.g., blood type and hair color, what type of qualitative variable is being used?

Nominal

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good research title?

 It should include humor to make it more interesting to the reader.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good research title?

Uses humor to attract readers

What is the ideal word count for a research title?

 12–15 words

For making a research title, what is the ideal word count range?

 12–15 words

Which of the following should be avoided in a research title?

Chemical formulas instead of common names

Which of the following should NOT be included in a research title?

Abbreviations

Which phrase should generally be avoided in a research title?

“Impact of”

When should the year a study was conducted be indicated in the research title?

Only if it is a historical study.

Which of the following is TRUE about writing a research title?

It should reflect the tone of the paper

What part of a research paper is read first by most readers?

Research title

What does the background of the study aim to establish?

The research gap

What is the primary purpose of the “Background of the Study” section in a research paper?

To inform the reader of the context and circumstances within which the research topic was conceptualized.

Which question is answered in the background of the study?

What is already known about the topic?

Which of the following questions is NOT answered by the background of the study?

What are the statistical results of the study?

Where is the “Background of the Study” typically found in a research paper?

 At the introduction part of the paper.

A research gap refers to:

An unexplored area in literature

What is the primary characteristic of a “research gap”?

 It is an under or unexplored area of a topic that requires further exploration.

Which type of research gap involves underrepresented groups?

Population gap

Which type of research gap deals with a population that is not adequately represented or under-researched in prior studies?

Population gap

Which of the following is a methodological gap?

Need for new research methods

A research gap that refers to a lack of theoretical understanding or knowledge in a particular area is known as a:

Theoretical gap

What is a “theory” defined as in the context of research?

 A set of systematically interrelated constructs and propositions intended to explain and predict a phenomenon.

What is the purpose of a theoretical framework?

To explain the relationship between variables

 Which theory explains learning through experiences?

Experiential learning theory

According to Garcia (2003), why is it essential for a researcher to include a theoretical framework?

 It helps the researcher clearly see the variables of the study.

Which of the following is NOT an element of a theoretical framework?

Detailed budget allocation

. What does a conceptual framework illustrate?

The relationship among variables

What is the relationship between a theoretical framework and a conceptual framework?

A conceptual framework is a mental image or perception anchored on the theoretical framework.

What is the main purpose of a “Conceptual Paradigm”?

To visually summarize the whole study through a diagrammatic presentation.

Which conceptual paradigm model is commonly used for product development research?

IPO Model

Which model is commonly used in action research?

PDSA

What is the main purpose of research questions?

To clarify the research problem

Which type of research question investigates relationships?

Correlational

 Which of the following is a good guide word for a descriptive research question?

How many

What is the general statement of the problem typically a reiteration of?

The research title

In what form should specific problems (research questions) be stated?

Interrogatory form

Research questions for descriptive research often use phrases lik

“How often/frequently?”

A correlational research question typically begins with which phrase?

What is the relationship between/among?”

Which of the following is a good characteristic of a research question?

Ethical

Which characteristic of a good research question emphasizes the availability of time, energy, money, and respondents?

Feasible

What does the scope of the study define?

: Variables, setting, and timeline

What does the “scope” of a study specify?

The coverage of the study, including variables, setting, population, participants, and timeline.