Energy Flows + Animals vs Plants

isolated system

no exchange of energy nor matter between system and surroundings

closed system

exchange of energy but not matter between system and surroundings

open system

exchange of energy and matter between system and surroundings

autotrophs

organisms that produce their own food from organic molecules

• add energy, reduce carbon compounds

heterotrophs

organisms that derive energy from otehr living organisms

• release energy, oxidize carbon compounds

producers

organisms occupying the first trophic level of an ecosystem’s food chain

photoautotrophs

organisms that feed by photosynthesis; green plants, phytoplankton, and algae

chemoautotrophs

organisms that feed by chemosynthesis (make food using energy from chemical reactions); deep-sea bacteria

consumers

organisms that ingest organic matter which is living or recently killed

primary consumers

consumers that eat producers; herbivores

secondary consumers

consumers that eat other consumers; carnivores, omnivores

decomposers

organisms that derive energy from non-living organic matter

detritivores

decomposers that ingest non-living organic matter; earthworms, woodlice

saprotrophs

decomposers that live in or on non-living organic matter, secreting digestive enzyme into it and absorbing digestive products; bacteria & fungi

oxidation

oxidation state becomes more positive

reduction

oxidation state becomes more negative

the air

most of the dry mass of a tree comes from ______

glucose, oxygen

reactants in cellular respiration

carbon dioxide, water, ATP

products in cellular respiration

10%

only about _____ of a trophic level’s absorbed energy is absorbed by the next one

heat

the majority of energy is lost as ____ (produced by cellular respiration) to the environment

nucleic acids, proteins

two major uses for nitrogen in organisms

the nitrogen cycle

nitrogen (N) → ammonium (NH₄) → nitrites (NO₂^-) → nitrates (NO₃^-)

taxonomic levels

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Liebig’s Law of Minimum

growth rates are not set by total energy supply but by the scarcest resource

nitrogen

limiting nutrient in terrestrial ecosystems

phosphorus

limiting nutrient in freshwater ecosystems

bacteria, archaea, eukaryote

three domains of life

key similarities between plants and animals

living things

• have order & complexity

• harvest & use energy

• regulate processes

• react to stimuli

• grow, develop, evolve

• reproduce

eukaryotes - intracellular organelles

multicellular - complex body form with multiple tissues

cell wall & central vacuole

exist in plant cells to provide structure & storage - animals do not have this

nervous system, muscoloskeletal system

systems unique to animals

osmotic pressure

type of pressure used by plants for movement, growth, and transport

muscular pumping

type of pressure used by animals for movement and transport

root to shoot

water & inorganic nutrients (minerals) transported from ________

leaves to other plant parts

sugars synthesized during photosynthesis are transported from __________

bulk flow

way to transport large quantity efficiently to a remote area in plants & animals

breathing by lung

bulk flow driven by low pressure (tension) in animals

xylem transport by cohesion-tension

bulk flow driven by low pressure (tension) in plants

blood circulation by cardiac muscle

bulk flow driven by high pressure in animals

phloem transport

bulk flow driven by high pressure in plants

synapomorphies

shared derived traits that define phyla

blastula

early-stage animal embryo with blastocoel (cavity) and blastoderm outer layer

gastrula

early multicellular embro formed during gastrulation

• ectoderm (outer): epidermis (skin), hair, nails, nervouse system

• mesoderm (middle): muscles, bones, connective tissues, circ. and urogenital system

• endoderm (inner): lining of digestive tract, liver, pancreas, and lungs

• archenteron: inner cavity by infolding cells → digestive gut

• blastopore: opening eventually turn into mouth/anus

ectoderm

(outer layer), forms epidermis (skin), hair, nails, nervouse system

mesoderm

(middle layer), forms muscles, bones, connective tissues, circ. and urogenital system,

endoderm

(inner layer), forms lining of digestive tract, liver, pancreas, and lungs

archenteron

inner cavity by infolding cells → digestive gut

blastospore

first opening during gastrulation that eventually turns into mouth/anus

invertebrates

most animals are ________

flowering plants

most plants are _______

protostomes

mouth forms from blastopore

deuterostomes

anus forms from blastopore

nervous systems

_________ only found in species with tissues (at least endo & ectoderm; derived from ectoderm

neurons

specialized cells in nervous systems capable of very fast and very precise changes in membrane potential

circulatory system

conduct fluids through bulk flow (not always oxygen); derived from mesoderm

respiratory system

conduct gases through bulk flow; derived from endoderm

vertebrates

animals with backbones

4 ley transformations of evolution of plants

1. land plants - alternation of generations & protected embyos

2. vascular plants - xylem & phloem

3. seed plants - seeds & pollen

4. flowering plants - flowers & fruits

alternation of generations

life cycle in which a multicellular haploid phase alternates with a diploid phase

bryophytes

haploid dominant; mosses, liverworts, hornworts

haploid phase (n)

spores —mitosis→ gametophyte → gametes (fusion)

diploid phase (2n)

zygote —mitosis→ sporophyte —meiosis→ spores

non-seed plant embryo development

sporophyte grows around embryo but usually attached to gametophyte

seed plant embryo development

seed grows into sporophyte (free living plant), gametophyte grows inside sporophyte

xylem, phloem

internal conducting tissues in plants that transport water and nutrients; in vascular plants

benefits of xylem & phloem

allows vascular plants to grow much larger than bryophytes & to produce roots that grow below the ground

seed plants

group of plants that disperse multicellular seeds

benefits of seeds & pollen

enable seed plants to reproduce even when land surface is dru

angiosperm

seeds of flowering plants - have a seed coat
most diverse group of plants!

gymnosperm

seeds of non-flowering plants - have NO seed coat

monocots

seed: 1 cotyledon
leaf: parallel
stem: vascular bundle randomly scattered on ground tissue
flower: petals in multiples of 3

dicots

seed: 2 cotyledons
leaf: network of veins
stem: vascular bundles (zylem + phloem) arranged in neat ring
flower: petals in multiples of 4 or 5

diffusion

spontaneous process through which entropy is increased

passive diffusion/transport

from [high] - [low] in the absence of other forces

cell membranes

part of the cell that acts as a barrier to free diffusion; allow cells to establish concentration & gradients across membrane

peripheral proteins (weaker association to bilayer), integral proteins, channel protein, glycoprtein/carbohydrate, phospholipid!

some components of the cell membrane structure

electric gradient

unequal distribution of charged molecules inside vs outside membrance (V or mV)

chemical/concentration gradient

unequal concentration of one type of molecule inside vs outside of membrane

active transport

a type of cellular transport where energy input is required to move against gradient

ATP in mitochondria

how plants and animals generate ATP