Microbiology Exam 1 Flashcards - Rago

Pathogen

Lives off a host, harms the host

Infectious Disease

Caused by a pathogen

Noninfectious Disease

Caused by something other than a biological agent

Normal Flora

Microbes that live on you, there is access to the outside world, places the immune system cannot reach

Strain

One gene difference in a virus causing a difference in behavior

Do Prokaryotes have organelles?

No

Are prokaryotes multicellular or unicellular?

Unicellular

Do prokaryotes have a cell wall?

Yes, made of peptidoglycan

How many chromosomes do prokaryotes have?

one circular chromosome

What type of gene transfer do prokaryotes do?

Horizontal and vertical

What is horizontal gene transfer?

Can share genes with one another

What is vertical gene transfer?

pass down genes from parent to offspring

How do prokaryotes divide?

Binary fission

What is binary fission?

A form of asexual reproduction in which the parent divides into two new daughter bodies

Are their more prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

More prokaryotes

Do eukaryotes have organelles?

Yes

Are eukaryotes multicellular or unicellular?

The can be both

Do eukaryotes have a cell wall?

They may or may not have a cell wall

How many chromosomes do eukaryotes have?

Multiple

How do eukaryotes divide?

Mitosis or meiosis

Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Prokaryotic

What are bacteria cell walls made out of?

peptidoglycan

Are bacteria motile or stationary?

Can be either

Are bacteria heterotrophic or autotrophic?

both

Are Archea Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

Prokaryotic

What conditions to archea typically like?

extreme conditions because they are usually extremophiles

Archea pathogens?

No known pathogens

Are protozoa eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

Eukaryotic

are protozoa multicellular or unicellular?

unicellular

What are protozoa cell walls made of?

no cell walls

Are protozoa stationary or motile?

both, but usually motile

Are protozoa heterotrophic or autotrophic?

heterotrophic

Protozoa pathogens?

malaria, brain eating amoeba, etc

Are fungi multicellular or unicellular?

Either one, they are dimorphic

What is dimorphic?

can change between unicellular and multicellular depending on the environment

Are fungi eukaryotic or prokaryotic

eukaryotic

Do fungi have cell walls

may or may not have cell walls made of chitin

Are fungi heterotrophic or autotrophic?

heterotrophic saprophytes

Saprophytes

eat dead organisms and waste products

Fungi pathogens?

yeast infection, athletes foot, etc

Is algae unicellular or multicellular?

both

Is algae prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Eukaryotic

What are algae cell walls made of?

cellulose

Is algae heterotrophic or autotrophic?

autotrophic

Algae pathogens?

None

Can algae make you sick?

can indirectly make you sick ex. red tide poisoning

What are helminths?

worms

Are Helminths multicellular or unicellular?

multicellular

Do helminths have cell walls

no, they are animals

Helminth pathogens

tape worm, pinworm, etc

Why are viruses not considered lifeforms?

Acellular, no metabolism, DNA or RNA never both

What type of parasite is a virus?

obligate intracellular parasite

Obligate intracellular parasite

use host cells for their own replication

What viruses are pathogens?

all viruses are pathogens

Viruses are usually...

species and tissue specific

Microbial genetics

genetic study of microbes

Microbial Ecology

the study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment

Microbial pathogenesis

study of microbe function

Immunology

study of the body's resistance to infectious disease

Epidemology

Study of how diseases spread

Emerging infectious disease

study of new diseases or known pathogens that have become more threatening

Scientific Method

observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, analysis

Spontaneous generation

Belief that simple lifeforms come from vital force

Biogenesis

simple lifeforms come from others like them

Golden age of microbiology

1800-1900s, big breakthroughs in microbiology

Louis Pasteur

Most influential microbiologist

Etiology

linking causative agents to disease

Koch's Postulates

linking certain microbes to certain diseases

Hook

first to use the microscope

Lavenhoek

Discovered microbes

Vaccination

Stops microbes from making you sick

Monomorphic bacteria

one shape, does not change

Pleomorphic bacteria

Change shape, no cell walls

Shapes of bacteria

Bacillis, coccus, spiral

What is the layer outside of the bacterial cell wall?

glycocalyx

What are bacterial appendages?

Things that stick outside of the cell wall

Example of bacterial appendages?

Flagella, fimbriae/pili, axial filiments

Flagella

motility

fimbriae and pili

attach to surfaces

Axial filaments

contract against one another for motility

Two main types of bacterial cell walls

gram positive and gram negative

Oddball bacterial cell walls

acid-fast cell walls

What is an L-form

have no cell walls but they will grow back

Which bacterial cell wall has a THICK layer of peptidoglycan?

Gram positive

Which bacterial cell wall has a THIN periplasmic space?

Gram positive

Which bacterial cell wall has teichoic and lipoteichoic acids?

Gram positive

protoplast

gram positive cell wall is removed but it grows back

Which bacterial cell wall has a THIN layer of peptidoglycan?

Gram negative

Which bacteria cell wall has an extra outer lipid membrane?

Gram negative

Which bacterial cell wall has a THICK periplasmic space?

Gram negative

Which bacterial cell wall has lipopolysaccharide?

Gram negative

what lipid causes endotoxin shock?

lipid a

Which bacterial cell wall has porins?

Gram negative

Spheroplast

a gram negative cell wall is removed but it grows back

cell membrane

has a lipid bilayer and amphipathic phospholipids

What is inside bacterial cytoplasm

Nuceloid, ribosomes, inclusions, cytoskeleton

Bacteria do not have a....

nucleus

ribosomes

read mRNA and make proteins

What is a bacterial inclusion?

Bacteria hoarding things inside it cell

Do bacteria have a prominent cytoskeleton?

No