PSY 101 Exam 2

This flash card set covers the following topics: Motivation and Emotion, Personality Origins and Types, Social Perception and Identity and Obedience and Authority. Thes flashcard set is based off of material from PSY 101 at GVSU.

When psychologists define emotion, which three distinct components are recognized as constituting an individual's emotional response pattern?

cognitive processes, physiological changes and behavioral responses

A student predicts that failing an upcoming psychology exam will ruin their happiness for the entire semester. Which cognitive error in affective forecasting is this student demonstrating?

impact bias

Which limbic system structure is primarily responsible for detecting emotionally significant stimuli and plays a critical role in fear learning?

the amygdala

Which statement accurately describes contemporary scientific consensus regarding the facial-feedback hypothesis?

facial feedback can amplify feelings, but its effect is small and context-dependent

While walking alone at night, a student hears a loud noise behind them. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, which sequence describes how their emotional response unfolds?

stimulus ———> physiological arousal ———> emotion

How does the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion differ fundamentally from the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories?

it requires a cognitive label of the arousal to determine which emotion is felt

How does the incentive perspective on motivation differ from the drive-reduction perspective?

incentive theory explains behavior pulled by external goals rather than pushed by physiological needs

According to Self-Determination Theory (SDT), which three basic psychological needs must be satisfied for optimal self-directed motivation and well-being?

automy, competence, and relatedness

A student studies for an exam because they genuinely value the knowledge and see it as essential for their future career, even if studying isn't inherently fun. Which type of extrinsic regulation is this?

identified regulation

How do cultural display rules influence emotional behavior across different societies?

they dictate social norms regarding when, where, and how emotions should be exspressed

How do psychologists define personality when examining an individual's behavioral patterns? What two fundamental characteristics distinguish personality according to research?

Consistency across time and distinctivness among individuals

According to Freud's structural model of personality, how do the id, ego, and superego interact during decision-making? Which component operates strictly on the reality principle to balance competing demands?

The Ego

A person who experiences intense anger toward a coworker goes for a long distance run to work off steam instead of confronting them. Which Freudian defense mechanism is this individual demonstrating?

Sublimation

How did Carl Jung structure the unconscious mind in his analytical psychology model? What term describes the inherited, universal psychological patterns shared across humanity?

The collective Unconscious

How did Karen Horney explain the origin of basic anxiety in child development? What coping style involves seeking power, control, and dominance over others when feeling threatened?

Aggression

According to B. F. Skinner's behavioral perspective, how do personality traits and behavioral patterns develop? What mechanism increases the likelihood that a specific behavior will recur in the future?

Reinforcement

In Carl Rogers' humanistic framework, what condition fosters healthy self-concept alignment and psychological growth? Which state occurs when a person's self-concept conflicts with their actual lived experiences?

Incongruence

How did Abraham Maslow structure human needs in his humanistic motivation theory? What process occupies the highest level of this hierarchy, representing the realization of full potential?

Self- Actualization

A student is exceptionally organized, meets all assignment deadlines early, and demonstrates high self-discipline. Which Big Five trait dimension does this behavior reflect?

Conscientiousness

What do neuroimaging and twin studies reveal regarding the biological basis of the Big Five trait dimensions? What percentage range best reflects trait heritability according to empirical research?

40-50%

A manager notices that Sam consistently submits weekly reports late regardless of the project type, whereas all other team members submit their reports on time. Based on Kelley's attribution framework, how should the manager attribute Sam's behavior?

Internal attribution

When Sarah gets cut off in traffic, she yells that the other driver is reckless and rude. However, when Sarah cuts off another driver ten minutes later, she excuses herself because she is late for an important exam. Which combination of cognitive biases is Sarah demonstrating?

Fundamental attribution error and actor-observer effect

According to Fiske's Stereotype Content Model, societal perceptions of elderly individuals or people with disabilities fall into Quadrant 2 (low competence, high warmth). Which specific type of prejudice and emotional reaction does this group typically evoke?

Paternalistic prejudice resulting in pity and sympathy

A scholar studying employment discrimination emphasizes that a Black woman's workplace experiences cannot be understood simply by adding race discrimination to gender discrimination separately. Which theoretical framework and founding scholar are best represented by this idea?

Intersectionality Theory formulated by Kimberl’e Crenshaw

During a student club meeting, Marcus sees himself primarily as a campus leader, but while eating dinner at home with his parents later that evening, his family role dominates his self-concept. What principle of social identity explains this shift?

Identity Salience

A student working on a mandatory group project exerts significantly less effort than when completing assignments individually, assuming other members will cover the workload. Which group phenomenon does this scenario illustrate?

Social Loafing

During a corporate strategy session, team members suppress their doubts about a flawed marketing plan because they prioritize maintaining group harmony and avoiding conflict. What group process is actively occurring in this decision-making environment?

Group think

A participant in Solomon Asch's classic line-length judgment study gives an obviously incorrect answer simply to avoid standing out or being rejected by the surrounding confederates. What form of social influence is driving the participant's behavior?

Normative Influence

When a student faints in a crowded library study room, dozens of onlookers watch without calling for help because each assumes someone else has already alerted campus security. Which psychological mechanism explains this failure to act?

Diffusion of Responsibility

In Stanley Milgram's obedience experiments, which experimental variation was found to significantly decrease the percentage of participants who administered the maximum voltage shock?

The presence of dissenting peers who refused to obey commands

A manager observes that Alex argues with customers. The manager notes that Alex only argues with difficult customers (high distinctiveness), that Alex routinely argues with these customers every week (high consistency), and that no other employees argue with these customers (low consensus). According to Kelley's covariation model, how should the manager attribute Alex's behavior?

Interaction between person and situation

According to the Stereotype Content Model, social groups perceived as high in competence but low in warmth (Quadrant 4, such as wealthy individuals or corporations) evoke which combination of prejudice and emotional response?

Envious prejudice resulting in jealousy and resentment

A group of moderately conservative voters meets for a two-hour discussion on tax reform. Following the discussion, their individual attitudes toward lowering taxes become significantly more extreme than prior to the meeting. Which group dynamic explains this outcome?

Group polarization

A stadium crowd wears identical team colors and engages in destructive behavior after a championship game. Individuals report feeling anonymous and less accountable for their personal actions. What psychological state produces this behavior?

Deindividuation

A tourist visiting an unfamiliar foreign subway system looks around at local commuters to determine whether to validate a paper ticket before boarding. Which social psychological process is driving the tourist's behavior?

Informational social influence

In a classic study of bystander intervention, smoke enters a room through a vent while participants complete a questionnaire. Participants sitting in groups of three passive confederates are much less likely to report the smoke than lone participants. What phenomenon occurs when participants interpret the confederates' calm demeanor as proof of safety?

Pluralistic ignorance

According to Albert Bandura's Moral Disengagement Theory, which mechanism allows individuals to commit harmful acts by attributing the cause of their behavior to external orders or group pressures rather than personal agency?

Displacement of responsibility