OTPF 4th Ed - Performance Skills & Client Factors

performance skills

observable, goal-directed actions that result in a client's quality of performing desired occupations

motor skills

group of performance skills that represent small, observable actions related to moving oneself or moving and interacting with tangible task objects in the context of performing a personally and ecologically relevant daily life task

stabilizes (MS)

moves through task environment and interacts with task objects without momentary propping or loss of balance

aligns (MS)

interacts with task objects without evidence of persistent propping or leaning

positions (MS)

positions self an effective distance from task objects and without evidence of awkward arm or body positions

reaches (MS)

effectively extends arm and, when appropriate, bends trunk to effectively grasp or place task objects that are out of reach

bends (MS)

flexes or rotates trunk as appropriate when sitting down or when bending to grasp or place task objects that are out of reach

grips (MS)

effectively pinches or grasps task objects such that the objects do not slip

manipulates (MS)

uses dexterous finger movements, without evidence of fumbling, when manipulating task objects

coordinates (MS)

uses two or more body parts together to manipulate and hold task objects without evidence of fumbling or task objects slipping from the grasp

moves (MS)

effectively pushes or pulls task objects along a supporting surface, pulls to open or pushes to close doors and drawers, or pushes on wheels to propel a wheelchair

lifts (MS)

effectively raises or lifts task objects without evidence of excessive physical effort

walks (MS)

during task performance, ambulates on level surfaces without shuffling feet, becoming unstable, propping, or using assistive devices

transports (MS)

carries task objects from one place to another while walking or moving in a wheelchair

calibrates (MS)

uses movements of appropriate force, speed, or extent when interacting with task objects

flows (MS)

uses smooth and fluid arm and wrist movements when interacting with task objects

endures (MS)

persists and completes the task without demonstrating physical fatigue, pausing to rest, or stopping to catch breath

paces (MS & PS)

maintains a consistent and effective rate or tempo of performance throughout the entire task performance

process skills

group of performance skills that represent small, observable actions related to selecting, interacting with, and using tangible task objects; carrying out individual actions and steps; and preventing problems of occupational performance from occurring or reoccurring in the context of performing a personally and ecologically relevant daily life task

attends (PS)

does not look away from task performance, maintaining the ongoing task progression

heeds (PS)

carries out and completes the task originally agreed on or specified by another person

chooses (PS)

selects necessary and appropriate type and number of objects for the task, including the task objects that one chooses or is directed to use

uses (PS)

applies task objects as they are intended and in a hygienic fashion

handles (PS)

supports or stabilizes task objects appropriately, protecting them from being damaged, slipping, moving, or falling

inquires (PS)

(1) seeks needed verbal or written information by asking questions or reading directions or labels and (2) does not ask for information when fully oriented to the task and environment and recently aware of the answer

initiates (PS)

starts or begins the next task action or task step without any hesitation

continues (PS)

performs single actions or steps without any interruptions so that once an action or task step is initiated, performance continues without pauses or delays until the action or step is completed

sequences (PS)

performs steps in an effective or logical order and with an absence of randomness in the ordering and inappropriate repetition of steps

terminates (PS)

brings to completion single actions or single steps without inappropriate persistence or premature cessation

searches/locates (PS)

looks for and locates task objects in a logical manner

gathers (PS)

collects related task objects into the same work space and regathers task objects that have spilled, fallen, or been misplaced

organizes (PS)

logically positions or spatially arranges task objects in an orderly fashion within a single work space or between multiple appropriate work spaces such that the work space is not too spread out or too crowded

restores (PS)

puts away task objects in appropriate places and ensures that the immediate work space is restored to its original condition

navigates (PS)

moves body or wheelchair without bumping into obstacles when moving through the task environment or interacting with task objects

notices/responds (PS)

responds appropriately to (1) nonverbal task-related cues, (2) the spatial arrangement and alignment of task objects to one another, and (3) cupboard doors or drawers that have been left open during task performance

adjusts (PS)

overcomes problems with ongoing task performance effectively by (1) going to a new workspace; (2) moving task objects out of the current workspace; or (3) adjusting knobs, dials, switches, or water taps

accommodates (PS)

prevents ineffective performance of all other motor and process skills and asks for assistance only when appropriate or needed

benefits (PS)

prevents ineffective performance of all other motor and process skills from recurring or persisting

social interaction skills

group of performance skills that represent small, observable actions related to communicating and interacting with others in the context of engaging in a personally and ecologically relevant daily life task performance that involves social interaction with others

approaches/starts (SIS)

approaches or initiates interaction with the social partner in a manner that is socially appropriate

concludes/disengages (SIS)

effectively terminates the conversation or social interaction, brings to closure the topic under discussion, and disengages or says goodbye

produces speech (SIS)

produces spoken, signed, or augmentative messages that are audible and clearly articulated

gesticulates (SIS)

uses socially appropriate gestures to communicate or support a message

speaks fluently (SIS)

speaks in a fluent and continuous manner, with an even pace and without pauses or delays, while sending a message

turns toward (SIS)

actively positions or turns body and face toward the social partner or the person who is speaking

looks (SIS)

makes eye contact with the social partner

places self (SIS)

positions self at an appropriate distance from the social partner

touches (SIS)

responds to and uses touch or bodily contact with the social partner in a socially appropriate manner

regulates (SIS)

does not demonstrate irrelevant, repetitive, or impulsive behaviors during social interaction

questions (SIS)

requests relevant facts and information and asks questions that support the intended purpose of the social interaction

replies (SIS)

keeps conversation going by replying appropriately to suggestions, opinions, questions, and comments

discloses (SIS)

reveals opinions, feelings, and private information about self or others in a socially appropriate manner

expresses emotions (SIS)

displays affect and emotions in a socially appropriate manner

disagrees (SIS)

expresses differences of opinion in a socially appropriate manner

thanks (SIS)

uses appropriate words and gestures to acknowledge receipt of services, gifts, or compliments

transitions (SIS)

handles transitions in the conversation or changes the topic without disrupting the ongoing conversation

times response (SIS)

replies to social messages without delay or hesitation and without interrupting the social partner

times duration (SIS)

speaks for a reasonable length of time given the complexity of the message

takes turns (SIS)

speaks in turn and gives the social partner the freedom to take his or her turn

matches language (SIS)

uses a tone of voice, dialect, and level of language that are socially appropriate and matched to the social partner's abilities and level of understanding

clarifies (SIS)

responds to gestures or verbal messages from the social partner signaling that the social partner does not comprehend or understand a message and ensures that the social partner is following the conversation

acknowledges and encourages (SIS)

acknowledges receipt of messages, encourages the social partner to continue the social interaction, and encourages all social partners to participate in the interaction

empathizes (SIS)

expresses a supportive attitude toward the social partner by agreeing with, empathizing with, or expressing understanding of the social partner's feelings and experiences

heeds (SIS)

uses goal-directed social interactions focused on carrying out and completing the intended purpose of the social interaction

accommodates (SIS)

prevents ineffective or socially inappropriate social interaction

benefits (SIS)

prevents problems with ineffective or socially inappropriate social interaction from recurring or persisting

values

acquired beliefs and commitments, derived from culture, about what is good, right, and important to do

beliefs

something that is accepted, considered to be true, or held as an opinion

spirituality

a deep experience of meaning brought about by engaging in occupations that involve the enacting of personal values and beliefs, reflection, and intention within a supportive contextual environment

body functions

physiological functions of body systems (including psychological functions)

higher-level cognitive

attention

memory

perception

thought

mental functions of sequencing complex movement

emotional

experience of self and time

list some specific mental functions

higher-level cognitive

judgement, concept formation, metacognition, executive functions, praxis, cognitive flexibility, insight

attention

sustained shifting and divided attention, concentration, distractibility

memory

short-term, long-term, and working

perception

discrimination of sensations

thought

control and content of thought, awareness of reality vs. delusions, logical and coherent thought

mental functions of sequencing complex movement

mental functions that regulate the speed, response, quality, and time of motor production, such as restlessness, toe tapping, or hand wringing, in response to inner tension

emotional

regulation and range of emotions; appropriateness of emotions, including anger, love, tension, and anxiety; lability of emotions

experience of self and time

awareness of one's identity (including gender identity), body, and position in the reality of one's environment and time

consciousness, orientation, psychosocial, temperament and personality, energy, sleep

list some global mental functions

consciousness

state of awareness and altertness, including the clarity and continuity of the wakeful state

orientation

orientation to person, place, time, self, and others

psychosocial

general mental functions, as they develop over the life span, required to understand and constructively integrate the mental functions that lead to the formation of the personal and interpersonal skills needed to establish reciprocal social interactions, in terms of both meaning and purpose

temperament and personality

extroversion, introversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness to experience, self-control, self-expression, confidence, motivation, impulse control, appetite

energy

energy level, motivation, appetite, craving, impulse

sleep

physiological process, quality of sleep

visual functions, hearing functions, vestibular functions, taste functions, smell functions, proprioceptive functions, touch functions, interoception, pain, sensitivity to temperature and pressure

list some sensory functions

visual functions

quality of vision, visual acuity, visual stability, and visual field functions to promote visual awareness of environment at various distances for functioning

hearing functions

sound detection and discrimination; awareness of location and distance of sounds

vestibular functions

sensation related to position, balance, and secure movement against gravity

taste functions

association of taste qualities of bitterness, sweetness, sourness, and saltiness

smell functions

sensing odors and smells

proprioceptive functions

awareness of body position and space

touch functions

feeling of being touched by others or touching various textures, such as those of food; presence of numbness, paresthesia, hyperesthesia

interoception

the internal detection of changes in one's internal organs through specific sensory receptors

pain

unpleasant feeling indicating potential or actual damage to some body structure; sensations of generalized or localized pain

sensitivity to temperature and pressure

thermal awareness (hot and cold), sense of force applied to skin (thermoreception)

joint mobility

joint ROM

joint stability

maintenance of structural integrity of joints throughout the body; physiological stability of joints related to structural integrity

muscle power

force generated by contraction of muscle or muscle groups