PE Studies Exam Semester 2

Excitability

The capability of a muscle to contract in response to chemical and/or electrical signals.

Contractibility

The Ability of a muscle to shorten or contract.

Extensibility

Ability of a muscle to be stretched.

Elasticity

Ability of a muscle to return to its resting length after being stretched.

Antagonistic Pair

Two muscles that work opposite each other around a joint.

Origin

The attachment point of a muscle that remains relatively stationary during movement.

Insertion

The attachment point of a muscle that moves during contraction.

Musculoskeletal System

The system of bones, muscles and joints that enables movement.

Flexion

A movement that decreases the angle at a joint.

Extension

A movement that increases the angle at a joint.

Supination

Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces upward.

Pronation

Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces downward.

Circumduction

Circular movement of a limb around a joint.

Rotation

Movement around a central axis.

Dorsiflexion

Movement of the foot upwards towards the shin.

Plantar Flexion

Movement of the foot downwards away from the shin.

Adduction

Movement towards the body's midline.

Abduction

Movement away from the body's midline.

Heart

Muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart.

Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels where oxygen, nutrients and wastes are exchanged.

Blood

Fluid that transports oxygen, nutrients and wastes around the body.

Lungs

Organs responsible for gas exchange.

Diaphragm

Main muscle involved in breathing.

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.

What are the 4 Stages Of Inhalation?

What are the 4 Stages of Exhalation?

Heart Rate

Number of heart beats per minute.

Stroke Volume

Amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle per heartbeat.

Blood Pressure

Force exerted by blood against artery walls.

Cardiac Output

Amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute.

Q = HR × SV

Respiratory Rate

Number of breaths taken per minute.

Perspiration

Production of sweat to regulate body temperature.

Blood Redistribution

Redirection of blood flow towards working muscles.

Cardiac Hypertrophy

Increase in the size and strength of the heart muscle.

Resting Heart Rate Adaptation

Decrease in resting heart rate due to training.

Stroke Volume Adaptation

Increase in blood pumped per heartbeat due to training.

Blood Pressure Adaptation

Reduction in resting blood pressure due to training.

Blood Volume/Haemoglobin

Increase in the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity.

VO₂ Max

Maximum amount of oxygen the body can use during exercise.

Capillarisation

Increase in the number of capillaries surrounding muscles.

Ventilation

Movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Oxygen Exchange

Transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and blood.

Carbohydrates

The body's preferred fuel source for moderate to high intensity exercise.

Fats

Major energy source during low-intensity, long-duration exercise.

Proteins

Nutrients primarily used for growth and repair of tissues.

ATP-PC System

Anaerobic energy system providing immediate energy for up to 10 seconds.

Lactic Acid System

Anaerobic energy system providing energy for high-intensity exercise lasting up to 2 minutes.

Aerobic System

Energy system that uses oxygen to produce ATP for prolonged activity.

Energy Continuum

All three energy systems work together, with one dominant at any time.

Resistance Training

Training that uses resistance to improve muscular strength and endurance.

Isometric

Muscle contracts without changing length.

Isotonic

Muscle changes length working against a constant load.

Isokinetic

Muscle contracts at a constant speed throughout movement.

Interval Training

Alternating periods of work and recovery.

Continuous Training

Training performed continuously without rest.

Circuit Training

Series of exercises completed at different stations.

Fartlek Training

Continuous training involving changes in speed and intensity.

Flexibility Training

Training designed to improve range of movement.

Plyometric Training

Explosive jumping activities designed to improve power.

Progressive Overload

The planned, gradual increase in training load to ensure that fitness continues to be optimised.

Frequency

How often training occurs.

Intensity

How hard training is performed.

Time

Duration of a training session.

Type

The activity used in training.

Specificity

Training should replicate the demands of the sport.

Reversibility

Fitness decreases when training stops.

Cardiovascular Endurance

Ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen during prolonged exercise.

Muscular Strength

Maximum force a muscle can produce.

Muscular Endurance

Ability of a muscle to repeatedly contract without fatigue.

Flexibility (Fitness Component)

Range of movement around a joint.

Body Composition

Relative amounts of fat, muscle, bone and other tissues in the body.

Agility

Ability to change direction quickly while maintaining control.

Balance

Ability to maintain stability and equilibrium.

Coordination

Ability to use body parts together efficiently.

Reaction Time

Time taken to respond to a stimulus.

Speed

Ability to move quickly.

Power

Ability to exert force rapidly.

Power = Strength × Speed

Gross Skill

Involve movement of major muscle groups resulting in large body part movement

Fine Skill

Skill involving small, precise movements.

Open Skill

Skill performed in a changing environment.

Closed Skill

Skill performed in a stable environment.

Discrete Skill

Skill with a clear beginning and end.

Serial Skill

Several discrete skills linked together.

Continuous Skill

Skill with no obvious beginning or end.

Cognitive Stage

First learning stage where the performer understands the skill.

Associative Stage

Learning stage where performance becomes more consistent.

Autonomous Stage

Learning stage where performance becomes automatic.

Visual Cue

Information provided through sight.

Verbal Cue

Information provided through spoken instruction.

Proprioceptive Cue

Information provided through feelings and body awareness.

Input

Detection of information from the environment.

Decision Making

Selection of an appropriate response.

Output

Execution of the chosen movement.

Feedback

Information received about performance.

Intrinsic Feedback

Feedback coming from the performer's own senses.

Extrinsic Feedback

Feedback provided by an external source.

Knowledge of Results

Feedback about the outcome of performance.

Knowledge of Performance

Feedback about how the skill was performed.