Ch_01_Introduction_Etc_Learning_Principles_and_Applications

Learning

A relatively permanent change in behavior potential that results from experience.

Functionalism

An early school of psychology that emphasized the instinctive origins and adaptive function of behavior.

Behaviorism

A school of thought that emphasizes the role of experience in governing behavior.

Association of Ideas

The concept that two events become associated with each other, leading to recall of one event when the other is remembered.

British Empiricism

A philosophical approach during the 17th and 18th centuries that described the association process in greater detail, focusing on experience.

Simple Ideas

Passive impressions received by the senses, representing the mind's representation of those sensory impressions.

Complex Ideas

Combinations or associations of simple ideas that create a perception.

Law of Effect

Thorndike's principle that the effect of a reward strengthens the association between a stimulus and the appropriate response.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, starts to elicit a conditioned response.

Conditioned Response (CR)

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has become a conditioned stimulus after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A stimulus that naturally and automatically elicits a response without prior conditioning.

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

An unlearned and naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus.

Generalization

The tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

Extinction

The diminishing of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus no longer is paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Associative Shifting

Thorndike's concept that a response can be associated with a new stimulus through conditioning.

Informed Consent

An ethical principle requiring that participants be informed about the study and agree to participate.

Ethics Committee

A group that reviews the ethical implications of research proposals, ensuring the welfare of participants.

Instincts

Inborn, species-specific behaviors that are crucial for survival, highlighting the instinctive processes in humans and animals.

Law of Readiness

Thorndike's proposal that motivation must be present for learning to occur.

Complex Ideas

Representations formed by the combination of simple ideas.

Behavioral Research

Research focused on how experiences shape behavior, heavily influenced by the works of Pavlov and Thorndike.

Pavlovian Conditioning

A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, eliciting a conditioned response.

Emotional Conditioning

The process by which an emotional response is learned through associations.

Debriefing

The process of informing participants about the study's purpose and procedures, ensuring ethical transparency.

Reward

A gratifying or satisfying outcome that strengthens the association between a stimulus and a response.