Component 1 English language

Define Repair

When a speaker recognises a mistake or misunderstarting and corrects it. “We met on Tuesday—no sorry—wednesday”

Define False Start.

Beginning to speak, stopping, and starting again with a new structure. “I was going to—well, what I mean is”

Define Back-chanelling

Small responses from a listener to show attention or encouragement. “Yeah” “Mm” “Right”

Define Repetition.

Repeating words or phrases, either deliberately for emphasis or accidentally while planning speech. “It was really,really good”

Define Interrogation

A question form used to gain information or check understanding. “Are you finished?”

Define Overlaps.

When two or more people speak at the same time. “So I said- Oh, me too!”

Define Interruptions.

When one speaker cuts across another to take the floor. “And then- Wait that’s not right!”

Define Fillers.

Sounds or words used to give thinking time. “Um”, “Er”

Define Discourse Markers.

Words or phrases that organise what we say, signalling shifts or connections. “So,” “Anyway” “Well”

Define Refrental

Utterances that provide information

Define Expressive

Utterances that express the speaker’s feeling

Define Transactional

Verbal exchanges in which the main emphasis is on getting something done

Define Interactional

Verbal exchanges in which the main emphasis is on the social relationship between the participants

Define Phatic

Verbal exchanges are often used at the beginning of conversations or with strangers

Define Adjacency pairs

Pairs of utterances that are linked, such as a question and an answer

Define Turn- taking

How speaker manage who speaks when in conversation

Define Topic shifts/ topic management

Moving from one subject to another or maintaining the current subject

Paralinguistic features

Non-verbal elements such as laughter, sighs, gestures or changes in volume

Define Prosodic features

Features of intonation, stress, rhythm and pace that shape meaning in speech

Define Hedges

Words/phrases that soften or weaken the force of what is said. “Sort of” “Kind of”

Define Vague language

Non-specific expression. “Stuff” “Things” “And so on”

Define Deictic expressions

Context-bound words that require shared understanding of the situation “This” “That” “Here”

Define Politeness strategies

Ways of showing respect, saving face, or avoiding offence “Could you pass that?”

Define Idiolect

An individual’s distinctive style of speaking (influnced by background and identity)

Define Sociolect

Speech patterns associated with social groups or regions

Define Ellisions

The immission of sounds in connected speech “Gonna” “Wanna”

Define Tag questions

Short questions added to the end of a statement

Define Non-fleuncy features

Fillers, pauses, hesitations, repetitions, false starts and repairs

Define Face

The idea of face is similar to an individual’s self-esteem

Define Positive face

The need to feel wanted, liked and appreciated

Define Negative face

The need to have freedom of thought and action and not feel imposed upon

Define face threatening act (FTA)

Is any kind of speech or behaviour that challenges or undermines a persons face ( their public self-image or social identity)

Give two examples of an FTA

Criticising someone threatens their positive face

Giving an order threatens their negative face

Give strategies of Positive politeness

Paying attention to the hearer

Expressing interest, approval or sympathy

Seeking agreement and avoiding disagreement

What are the Negative politeness strategies

Hedging

Being pessimistic

Giving deference

Apologising

Define ‘Do the act off the record’

Not naming the situation

Define ‘Do the act on record’

Being more bodly

Define Register

A variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular setting