02fundamental concepts- definitions- proprioceptions

Which people are interest in motor development

Educators, therapists, health care providers, engineers and designers

For what reason motor development interests educators (physical and early childhood educators)?

Developmentally appropriate practises

For what reason motor development interests therapists?

Knowledge of factors that affects movement abilities

For what reason motor development interests health care providers?

Promoting movements and exercise as a means to healthy lifestyle

For what reason motor development interests engineers and designers?

Making of appropriately sized and arranged living space, control panels, work and sport equipment and transporting movement

What is the definition of motor development?

Motor development is the sequential, continuous age-related process whereby movement behaviour changes

What is the definition of motor learning?

Motor learning refers to the relatively permanent gains in motor skill capability associated with practice or experience

What is the definition of motor control?

Motor control is the study of neural, physical and behavioral aspects of movement

Definition physical growth

Physical growth is an increase in size or body mass resulting from increase in complete, already formed body parts

Definition aging in motor development

Aging is the process occurring with the passage of time, leading to loss of adaptability of full function and eventually to death

What is the definition for physical and physiological matuaration?

Physical or physiological maturation is qualitative advance in biological makeup and may refer to cell, organ, or system advancement in biochemical composition rather than to size alone.

What is a longitudinal research study?

A longitudinal research study is a study in which the same individual or group is observes performing the same task or behaviours repetitively, over a long time

What is a cross-sectional research study?

A cross-sectional research study is a study in which developmental change is implied by observing individuals or groups of varying ages at one point in time

What is a cohort?

A cohort is a group whose members share common characteristic, such as age or experience (our study programm is a cohort)

Which 3 constraints take part in Newell‘s constraints model?

Individual (divided into functional and structural), task and environmental constraints

Def of Individual constraints

Individual constraints are a persons or organisms own unique physical and mental characteristics (e.g. gender, disabilities, flexibility, contergan kids)

Def individual constraints in a functional way

Functional constraints are individual constraints related to behavioral functions

Def individual constraints in a structural way

Structural constraints are individual constraints related to the body structure

Def task constraints

Goals undertaken within rules and choices of equipment (e.g. coordination under pressure or multitasking)

Def environmental constraints

Constraints related to the world around us (e.g. i walk different on slippie ground compared to normal ground)

What is the meaning of Clark and Metcalfe‘s Mountain of motor development?

The model describes human motor development as a lifelong, cumulative process (aufeinander aufbauend) that progress through sequential, interconnected stages (from birth to death), visually compared to climbing and descending a mountain

What are the 5 periods of the Mountain model?

Reflexive, preadapted, fundamental patterns, context specific, skillful period

What does Compensation mean at the peak of the mountain model?

• Flexible state (shown as a two-way arrow, you can go down through age or injury but also can go up again)

• During the last two periods the motor system must adapt to bodily changes (due to aging or injury) to maintain functionality (e.g., changing technique after an injury or walking wider for balance in old age)

What is the definition of proprioception?

Inner perception of the body via the position of the limbs and muscle tension

Composition of: sense of position, movement and strength

When do proprioceptors first develop and function in human development?

• Proprioceptors are created in the second month of pregnancy (stimuli mediated by mother’s movements), first functioning system of the fetus in the womb

What are the special significance of the last trimesters of pregnancy from the development of proprioception?

• 1st month: actively support clinging through your own posture; infants use feedback from muscle and joints for this

• 2nd/3rd month: sensation of the neck muscles increase

• 4th month: coordination of tactile, muscle and joint perception and vision enable targeted grasping

How does sensorimotor networking progress in early childhood?

Basic sensorimotor neural circuits rapidly network over the first three years of life, increasing information transmission speed and improving postural control in toddlers

How does proprioceptive trainability change across age groups?

Proprioceptive training is feasible and effective at any age. However, the greatest developmental opportunities occur during childhood due to the faster maturation of the Central Nervous System (CNS)

What position and strength changes occur in the sensorimotor system during aging?

• Aging leads to a deterioration of both static and dynamic position sense, raising the recognition threshold especially at low movement speeds.

• Sense of strength decreases (Fmax and stretch-shortening cycle, muscle performance decrease due to muscle remodeling and degradation processes) number of a-motor neurons, especially the fast motor units

What sensory receptor and cellular changes contribute to age-related sensory decline?

• sensors lose contrast sensitivity (poorer spatial resolution of the eyes),

• Vestibular apparatus becomes less sensitive (degenerative changes from sensor to neuronal structure)

• reduction of muscle spindle sensitivity

• loss of rapidly adapting skin sensors

• Number of sensory neurons decrease

How are the peripheral nervous system, nerve conduction, and central processing affected by aging?

• Peripheral NS: Decrease in structure and function.

• Nerve Conduction: Slowed conduction velocity in motor and sensory neurons.

• Central Processing: Integrative information processing declines within central neural structures.

What is the reflexive period (1st year of life)?

Spanning the prenatal stage and initial weeks after birth, it features involuntary infant reflexes controlled subcortically in lower brain centers. These reflexes are critical for survival and build the necessary components for voluntary movement, but can impede progress if they persist too long past the first year

What characterizes the preadapted period?

It marks the emergence of voluntary movements as a product of intent to move and controlled by impulses from higher brain centers.

Examples include reaching, grasping, ability self-feeding, and initial walking attempts

What occurs during the fundamental patterns period?

Individuals establish an array of basic movement skills, such as locomotion (walking, running, hopping, skipping), object control, and fine motor manipulation, which serve as the foundation for future movements

What defined the context-specific period?

Learners expand their movement repertoire (more varied and advanced moments) by combining and varying fundamental movement patterns to new and different movement situations

What is required to reach the skilfull period?

The skillful period represents a higher level of movement proficiency that requires both extensive practice and experience