Anatomy test 3

Cranium

• Fused bones that hold the brain

• “Old People From Texas Eat Spaghetti”

• Frontal

• Temporal

• Parietal

• Occipital

• Ethmoid

• Sphenoid

Frontal bone

• Forehead, front and top of cranium

• Covers the frontal lobe

• Squamous portion: forehead

• Nasal portion: top of nose

• Orbital: roof of eye sockets (eyebrows)

Temporal bone

• Paired

• Lower sides of the head

• “Some Men Style Many Perilous Tiny Zebras”

• Mastoid: bump behind the ear, site of muscle attachments

• Squamous: thin fan forming temple

• Petrous: dense, houses cochlea and semicircular canals

• Tympanic: walls of the ear canal

• Zygomatic: forms zygomatic arch with cheekbone

• Styloid process

• Mandibular: socket for the TMJ

Parietal bone

• Paired

• Top and sides of the head

• Covers parietal lobes

• Sagittal suture

• Lambdoid suture

• Squamosal suture

Occipital bone

• Back and base of skull

• Covers occipital lobes

• Foramen magnum: hole that brainstem passes through

• Condylar fossae: where atlas (C1) meets skull

Ethmoid

• Seperates nasal cavity from cranium

• Crista galli: points up into cranium

• Cribiform plate: holes for olfactory nerve

• Perpendicular plate: upper nasal septum

• Labyrinths: superior and middle conchae

Sphenoid

• Front base of the skull

• Corpus: central body

• Greater wings: cranial floor, sides of orbits

• Lesser wings: support frontal lobe

• Pterygoid plates: attach pterygoids, tensor veli palatini

Facial bones

• "My Very Pretty Zebra Never Invites Lazy Men"

• Maxillae

• Mandible

• Palantine

• Zygomatic

• Nasal

• Inferior nasal conchae

• Vomer

• Lacrimal

Maxillae

• Largest facial bone

• Forms the upper dental arch

  • Roof of mouth

  • Floor and sides of nasal cavity

  • Parts of orbit

• Alveolar: holds the upper teeth

• Zygomatic: joins the cheekbone

• Frontal: up to the fronal and nasal bones

• Palatine: front 2/3 of the hard palate

Mandible

• Halves fuse before we turn 1

• Body: holds lower teeth

• Ramus: vertical back portion

  • Angle: where body meets ramus

  • Coronoid process: temporalis attachment site

  • Condylar process: forms the TMJ

• Mental symphysis: midline fusion (chin)

Palatine

• Paired

• Behind maxillae

• Horizontal plates: forms back 1/3 of hard palate, anchors soft palate

• Perpendicular plates: forms nasal walls, part of orbit

Hard palate

• Seperates oral and nasal cavity

• Front 2/3 = maxilla

• Back 1/3 = palatine

• Intermaxillary suture: midline

• Incisive foramen: behind central incisors

• Premaxillary sutures: outline the premaxilla

• Rugae: ridges on the front

Micrognathia

• Small, underdeveloped mandible

• Tounge can block the airway

• Affects breathing, feeding, and speech

Cleft lip/palate

• Anterior cleft: along premaxillary suture

• Posterior cleft: along intermaxillary suture

• Unilateral, bilateral

• Complete or incomplete

• Affects feeding and speech

Zygomatic bone

• Paired

• “Cheekbones”

• Frontosphenoidal: sides of the orbit

• Maxillary: joins the maxilla

• Temporal: joins temporal bone at zygomatic arch

• Orbital: floor of the orbit

Nasal bone

• Paired

• Forms the bridge of the nose

• Above is the frontal bone

• Behind is the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid

• Below is the maxilla

Inferior nasal conchae

• Scroll like shape

• Paired

• Side walls of nasal cavity

• Joins the maxilla in the front in the palatine behind

Nasal conchae

• Turbinates:

  • Superior

  • Middle

  • Inferior

• Lining: moist, blood-rich mucus

• Function: warms and humidfies inhaled air, filters particles

Vomer

• Divides the nasal cavity at midline

• Forms lower posterior part of nasal septum

Lacrimal

• Paired

• Inner front wall of orbit near tear ducts

• Smallest facial bone

Temporomandibular joint

• Mandibular condyle attaches at mandibular fossa in temporal bone

• Articular disk cushions the joint

• Fibrous capsle surrounds joint with synovial fluid

Vocal tract

• Cavities: oral, buccal, nasal, pharynx, larynx

• Speech: filters voice, shapes resonance

• Valves: velum and tongue

• Life functions: breathing, swallowing, chewing

Nasal cavities

• Nares: front openings

• Choanae: back openings to pharynx

• Septum: cartilage at midline

• Side walls: conchae warm and humidify

• Floor: hard palate

• Nasal sounds: velum lowers to open

Oral cavity

• Front: lips

• Back: posterior faucial pillars

• Sides: dental arches

• Roof: hard and soft palate

• Floor: mylohyoid

• Vestibule: lips, cheeks, front teeth

Tongue

• Tip: behind front teeth

• Blade: below the alveolar ridge

• Dorsum: below hard and soft palate

• Root: faces pharynx and epiglottis

• Body: central muscle mass

• Muscular hydrostat: all muscle, no bone, extreme flexibility

• Taste

Tounge (more)

• Median sulcus: midline groove

• Sulcus terminalis: v shaped groove that separates dorsum and base

• Circumvallate papillae: taste buds infront of V

• Lingual tonsils: immune tissue behind V

• Lingual frenulum: tongue to floor of mouth

Ankyloglossia

• Tongue-tie

• Short frenulum near tip

• Limits tip elevation and protrusion

• Sometimes impacts speech or feeding

Salivary glands

• Create saliva for swallowing to compact bolus of food, helps oral hygeine

• Sublingual: under the tongue

• Submandibular: most saliva

• Partoid: around ramus, near CN VII

Dental arches and tooth surfaces

• Upper arch: maxillae

• Lower arch: mandible

• Surfaces

  • Occlusal: biting surface

  • Lingual: towards tongue

  • Labial: towards lips

  • Buccal: towards cheeks

Deciduous teeth

• Develop before birth

• Erupt from 8-12 months until 2 ½

• First lower teeth then upper centreal incisors

• 20 total, 10 per arch

• Replacement begins around 6 and is done around 11-12

Permanent teeth

• 32 total, 16 per arch

• More due to larger adult jaw

Replacing deciduous teeth

• Successional: replace a baby tooth

  • All except molars

  • Bicuspids replace baby molars

• Superadded: no baby predecessor

  • All permanent molars

  • Errupts around 6

Occlusion

• Raising the mandible to teeth meet (biting)

• Class I: normal

• Class II: lower molar set back (overbite)

• Class III: lower molar forward (overbite) - most likely to impact chewing and speech

Palates

• Hard palate: chewing surface, alveolar and palatal sounds

• Soft palate (velum): muscle behind hard palate, acts as a valve for swallowing and nasal sounds

Faucial pillars

• Made of muscle

• Anterior pillar: palatoglossus

• Posterior pillar: palatopharyngeus (back of oral cavity)

• Palatine tonsils inbetween

Tonsillitus

• Infencted palatine tonsils

• Severe cases can block breathing or swallowing

Buccal cavity

• Between teeth and cheeks

• Shapes oral resonance

• Cheek tension for /p/ and /b/

• Keeps food out of the cheeks

Nasopharynx

• Behind nasal cavity and above velum

• Adenoids: lymph tissue on back wall

• Eustachian tubes open here

Faucial isthmus

• the narrow opening and passageway that connects the oral cavity proper to the oropharynx

• Superiorly: The soft palate and the uvula

• Inferiorly: The base of the tongue

• Laterally: The palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches (also known as the anterior and posterior pillars of the fauces)

Oropharynx

• Behind oral cavity

• Superiorly: velum

• Inferiorly: hyoid bone

• Front wall: base of the tongue

• Valleculae: pocket between tongue base and epiglottis

Laryngopharynx (Hypopharynx)

• Behind larynx

• Superiorly: epiglottis

• Inferiorly: esophagus

Tooth parts

• Pulp: cavity that houses the neurovascular tissue supplying blood and nerve sensation to the tooth

• Cementum: boneline tissue that covers the tooth root to attach it to the surrounding socket

Orbicularis oris

• CN VII

• Only intrinsic muscle of the lips

• Ring surrounding lips

• Closes and protrudes lips, presses lips against teeth

• Labial sounds, whistling

• Attaches to other facial muscles

Transverse muscles

• Buccinator

• Risorius

Elevator muscles

• Levator labii superioris

• Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

• Zygomatic minor

• Zygomatic major

• Levator anguli oris

Depressor muscles

• Depressor labii inferioris

• Depressor angulioris

• Mentalis

Parallel muscles

• Incisivus labii superioris

• Incisivus labii inferioris

Supplementary muscles

• Epicranius: raises eyebrows

• Corrugator: wrinkles forehead

• Orbicularis Oculi: closes eyelids

• Procerus: wrinkles root of the nose

• Platysma: see other flashcard

Buccinator

• CN VII

• Main cheek muscle

• Back of jaws to mouth corner

• Presses cheek against teeth

• Keeps food out of the cheeks

• Sucking during infant feeding

• Pull lip corners sideways

• Forceful air expulsion (blowing)

Risorius

• CN VII

• Cheek fascia to mouth corner

• Pulls corner back out out

• Smiling, laughter

Levator labii superior

• CN VII

• Elevates the upper lip

Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

• CN VII

• Elevates upper lip

• Flares the nostrils

• Snarl, disgust, contempt (Elvis)

Zygomatic minor

• CN VII

• Cheekbone to upper lip

• Elevates upper lips

• Smiling

Zygomatic major

• CN VII

• Cheekbone to mouth corner

• Pulls corners up and back

• Smiling, laughter

Levator anguli oris

• CN VII

• Raises mouth corners up and in

• Helps close mouth

Depressor labii inferioris

• CN VII

• Pulls lower lip down and out

• Frowning

Depressor anguli oris

• CN VII

• Pulls mouth corners down

• Frowning

Mentalis

• CN VII

• Mandible to chin skin

• Raises and pushes out lower lip

• Pouting, wrinkles chin

Incisivus labii superioris

• CN VII

• Parallel to upper lip fibers

• Rounds and protrudes upper lip

Invisivus labii inferioris

• CN VII

• Parallel to lower lip fibers

• Rounds and protrudes lower lip

Platysma

• CN VII

• Thin sheet over the neck

• Depresses mandible and lower lip

• Suprise, fright

The tongue

• Lingual septum: midline attachment

• Submucous layer: surface attachment

Muscles of the tongue

• Intrinsic: within the tongue → changes shape

  • Superior longitudinal

  • Inferior longitudinal

  • Transverse

  • Vertical

• Extrinsic: from outside → changes position

  • Styloglossus

  • Palatoglossus

  • Hyoglossus

  • Genioglossus

Superior longitudinal

• CN XII

• Along top of the tongue

• Shortens tongue, tip up

• Unilateral contraction → tip towards that side

Inferior longitudinal

• CN XII

• Along underside

• Shortens tongue, tip down

• Unilateral contraction → tip towards that side

Vertical

• CN XII

• Top to bottom fibers

• Top surface to underside

• Flattens and widens

Transverse

• CN XII

• Side to side fibers

• Midline septum to sides

• Narrows and lengthens