Chapter 11 study guide

Cocus

sphermical cell

Vibrio

curved rod shaped

bacilius

rod shaped

spirochete

spiral shaped cell (flexible)

Spirilum

spiral shaped cell (not flexible)

cocobacilius

between bacilus and cocus

star

flat irregular shape

plemorphic

varying size and shape

Endospores

-Produced gram positive bacteria Bacilius and Clostridum.

-each vegatative cell produces one endospore.

-each endospore germinates to form one vegetative cell.

Prokaryotes

-reproduce asexually

Three main methods:

Binary Fission (most common)

Snapping

Budding

Binary Fission

1. cell the replicate DNA attatch themselves to cytoplasmic membrane.

2. cytoplasmic membrane is going to elongate seperating the DNA molecules,

3. cross wall forms to seperate cells.

4. cross wall completetly forms.

5. daughter cells may seperate

Arrangement of prokaryotes

-Cells result from two aspects of binary fission:

-Planes which they divide.

-Seperation of the daughter cells.

Diplococi

a pair of coci

Strepococi

a chain of coci

tetrads

four cocus remain together in a flat square formation

sacranae

cubodial form of coci

staphlycoci

cluster of coci/ has a grape shape

dipobacili

pair of bacilius

strepobacili

chain of bacilius

palside

side by side arrangement

v shape

two bacilius position at an angle ends remain atattach forming a v shape.

Modern prokaryotic classification

-based on genetic relatedness of RNA sequences

Three domains:

Eukarya

Bacteria
Archae

Genus Clostridium

-Bacili, obligate anaerobe.

-Forms endospores and toxins.

-Important in medicine and Industry.

Diseases:

Gas Gangerene

Tetanus

Botulism

Diffcle- Severe Diaherra

Intenstinal Disease

Genus Mycoplasma

-Lack cell walls (stain pink in gram staining)

-cell walls are stabilized by sterols.

-Live in osmotically protected environments.

-Plemorphic

-Smallest free living cells.

-Colonizes mucous membranes of respiratory and urinary tract that can cause pneuomina.

Genus Listeria

-Bacili

-Does not form endospores

-Contaiminates milk and meat products

-Capable of reproducing under refrigeration

-Can survive inside pahgocytic WBC

-Can cross the placenta in pregnant women.

Disease

Listerious

Genus Bacilius

-rod shaped

-many are common in soil

-typically form endospores

Disease:

anthrax

Genus Lactobacilius

Bacili

-Do not form endospores

-Grow in different parts of the body including: mouth, stomach, intestinal tract, and vagina.

-Rarely cause disease

Microbial anatognisim- compete for space and nutrients preventing other bacteria from obtaining it.

Used various productions of food.

Disease:

-Rare Blood Infections

Genus Streptococus and Genus Enterococus

-Diplococi or Strepococi

-Causes numerous diseases depending where infection occcurs

-Various straints of multi drug resistant strepococi and entercoci.

Entercoci- lead causes health care associated noncomical infections.

Disease of Streptococus

-scarelet fever

-strep throat.

Genus Staphyloccus

-Staphylococi

-Most common inhabits of humans, can be a harmless part of the normal microbiata.

-Produce toxins and enzymes that contribute to disease in pathogen species/ straints.

-Horozontal gene transfer

Diseases:
MRSA

Food Poisioning

Bactermia

Genus Mycobacterium

-aerobic bacili that sometimes form filaments.

-slow growth due to mycolic acid in their cell walls.

Diseases:

Leprosy

Tuberculosis

Genus Cornyebacterium

-Generally bacili, highly plemorphic

-Aerobes and facultative anaerobes.

-Form vshapes or palsides

-produce metachromatin granules

Disease:

diptheria

Genus Actinomyces

-Forms branches of filaments ressembling fungi.

-Can be found in the mucous membranes of your mouth and throat as part of the normal microbiata.

-Can be oppurtunist to pathogens.

Disease:

abesses and actinmyocis.

Genus Strepomyces

-Form branches of filaments ressembling fungi.

-Can produce chains of reproductive spores at their end of their filaments

-Help decompose organic material and nutrients back into the soil.

-Produces many antibiotics.

Disease:

Sinus Infections

Class Alphaproteobacteria

-Usually aerobic

-can grow in low levels of nutrients

-Can have variety of shapes and can be plemorphic.

-Prostheca exetensions: attatch to surfaces and increase surface area to absorb nutrients

Genus Ricksettia

-small aerobic bacili

-requires a vector

-transmitted through a bite of an anthropod

Disease:

Epidemic Tymphus

Rocky Mountain Fever

Genus Brucella

-Cocobacilli

-Can survive white phagocytic blood cells.

-Infections can cause symptoms such as fever, chills, sweating, and fatigue.

-Causes Brucellious

-cause inferitily and spotaneous abortions

Disease:

Brucellosis

Genus Betaproteobacteria

-Thrive in environment of low nutrients.

-Metabolically similar to alphaproteobacteria but can be distinguished by differences in their 16s RNA sequences.

Genus Nisseria

-Dipolocci

-Inhabits the mucous membranes of mammals.

Disease:

Gonorrhea and Mengitis

Genus Bordtella

pertussis (whooping cough)

Genus Burkholderia

-Colonizes moist environmental surfaces and respiratory passages of cystic firbosis patients.

Class Gammaproteobacteria

-Largest most diverse group of proteobacteria

Divided into sub groups:

Intracellular pathogens

Psuedomonds

Glycolytic Faculative Anaerobes

Intracellular pathogens

Thrive inside defensive white phagocytic blood cells.

Genus Legionella

-survives in marcophages due to the abundance of aminoacids in it’s host cell.

Disease: Legionnare’s Disease

Genus Coxiella

-Grow in low Ph environments of phaglysomes

Disease: Q fever

Glycolytic Faculative Anaerobes

—catatbolize carbs by glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway

Genus Enterobacteriacae

Lives in guts of animals they can be harmless, beneficial, or pathogenic,

-straight rods, oxidase negative, perithicihous flagella, and non motile'

Disease:

Gastroenteritis

Enteritis

Urinary Tract Infection

Shigellolis

Plague

Pneumonia

Genus Vibronacae

-vibrios, oxidase positive, and polar flagella.

Disease: Cholera

Genus Pasteurellacae

-coci or straight rods, oxidose positive, non motile.

Disease:

Mengitis in children, middle ear infections, or pneumonia.

Glycolytic Facultative Anaerobes

-catabolizes carbs by glycolysis or the pentose phosphate pathway

Psuedomonds

-aerobic flagellated straight or slightly curved rods.

-catabolize carbs by enterodoroff or pentosephosphate pathway.

-Breaks down many organic compounds

-Important pathogens of humans and animals.

Genus Psuedomonas

Urinarytract, ear, or lung infections

Class Eplisonbacteria

includes rods, vibrios, or spirals.

Genus Campylobacter

Gastroenteritis and Food Born

Genus Helicobacter

Stomach Ulcers

Genus Chlaymida

-small coci

-grow intracellulary birds, mammals, and some inveterbrates.

-smaller some than viruses.

Disease:
Chalymida Trachmatis

Spirochetes

-Heclical

-Motile bacteria move in a corkscrew motion

-Have diverse metabolism and habitats

Disease:

Syphillus and Lime Disease

Genus Bacteroide

-obligate anaerobic bacili

-Inhabits of digestive tract of humans and animals

-Good Bacteria

-Assist in catabolizing susbstances that are ingestidble by mammals.

-Some species cause infections

Most Common Anaerobic Human Pathogen Causes:
Diaherra, Fever, Foul smell lesions, Gas, and Pain.