new

Meta

Platform	Lecture's advertising model	Remember it as
_____	Commonly charges per 1,000 ad impressions (CPM)	Paying for views

Google

Platform	Lecture's advertising model	Remember it as
______	Charges when someone clicks a sponsored search ad (CPC)	Paying for clicks

Amazon affiliate model

Platform	Lecture's advertising model	Remember it as
__ __ ___	Pays affiliates when referred traffic results in a sale	Paying for sales

google

_____ = The Hunt

Someone searches "buy black leggings."

They're actively looking for something, so their purchase intent may be high.

Meta

____ = The Hike

Someone scrolls Instagram and sees leggings they like.

They weren't necessarily shopping, but the ad introduces them to a product.

social graph

the network of people and organizations you're connected to. Think about everyone you follow on Instagram, everyone who follows you, and all those connections.

network effects

a service becomes more valuable as more people use it.

acquisition, imitation, entry

How Meta responds when competitors threaten it

_________ — Buy the competitor

Meta purchased Instagram, turning a potential rival into part of its own business.

________ — Copy a successful feature

Snapchat popularized Stories, and Meta introduced similar features across Instagram and its other apps.

Early ____ — Build a position before later competitors

Facebook established a large social network early, giving it time to build users, connections, and network effects.

psychographic profiling

using behavior such as likes and posts to infer personality traits and potentially target persuasive messages.

content adjacency

Your clothing ad appears beside offensive content, making your brand look bad.

deep web

Online information search engines cannot index, such as private Facebook content. It isn't automatically illegal or dangerous.

metaverse

A vision of connected, immersive digital experiences, often involving virtual or augmented reality.

hardware

The physical equipment: computers, servers, storage.

software

The instructions that tell computers what to do.

operating systems

Controls hardware and supports applications, like Windows or macOS.

application software

Programs that perform tasks, like Excel, Canva, or inventory software.

cloud computing

using computing services delivered over the internet rather than relying entirely on technology your company owns and operates.

software as a service

You rent a finished application and use it online.

Example: Your marketing team uses Canva to make social media graphics. You don't build Canva or maintain its servers.

platform as a service

You rent tools and a platform to build your own application.

Example: Your company develops a custom shopping app using a cloud development platform.

infrastructure as a service

You rent basic computing resources such as servers, storage, and networking.

Example: Your company rents cloud servers rather than purchasing physical servers

scalability

The ability to handle increased demand. If your clothing store suddenly gets 10 times more visitors, can your system expand?

service level agreement

A contract specifying what the provider promises, such as availability and performance.

waterfall

Software Development Approach: _____

1. Plan everything

2. Design

3. Build

4. Test & release

A relatively linear, sequential approach.

agile

Software Development Approach: _____

1. Build small feature

2. Test & get feedback

3. Improve it

4. Repeat

An iterative approach with frequent improvements.

waterfa

Sof Dev	________
Main advantage	Clear plan and documentation
Main disadvantage	Rigid, slow to adapt
Best suited to	Stable, well-defined requirements

agile

Sof Dev	____
Main advantage	Flexibility and speed
Main disadvantage	Risk of rushing or quality problems
Best suited to	Requirements likely to change

scrum

___ is a specific way of organizing Agile projects.

Instead of developing an entire shopping app at once, your team works in short periods called sprints. Your lecture describes sprints lasting roughly 1–6 weeks, with small, cross-functional teams.

For example, Sprint 1 might develop customer login. Sprint 2 might develop the shopping cart. Sprint 3 might develop checkout.

Scrum terms:

• Product owner: Helps prioritize what should be built.

• Scrum master: Helps the team follow the Scrum process and remove obstacles.

• Product backlog: List of work the product needs.

• Sprint backlog: Work selected for the current sprint.

• Daily Scrum: Short meeting to coordinate progress.

• Timeboxing: Setting a fixed amount of time to complete work.

Scrum terms:

• Product owner: Helps prioritize what should be built.

• Scrum master: Helps the team follow the Scrum process and remove obstacles.

• Product backlog: List of work the product needs.

• Sprint backlog: Work selected for the current sprint.

• Daily Scrum: Short meeting to coordinate progress.

• Timeboxing: Setting a fixed amount of time to complete work.

product owner

Scrum terms:

• ____ ____: Helps prioritize what should be built.

scrum master

Scrum terms:

• ____ ____: Helps the team follow the Scrum process and remove obstacles.

product backlog

Scrum terms:

• ____ _____: List of work the product needs.

sprint backlog

Scrum terms:

• ____ ____: Work selected for the current sprint.

daily scrum

Scrum terms:

• ____ ____: Short meeting to coordinate progress.

timeboxing

Scrum terms:

• _______: Setting a fixed amount of time to complete work.

ERP

_____ — Connects departments

The order updates inventory, sales, and accounting so different parts of the company work together.

DBMS

____— Manages data

The system stores and retrieves information about customers, products, and orders.

EDI

___ — Exchanges standardized data

Your company's system electronically sends a purchase order to a supplier's system.

BI

__ — Analyzes data for decisions

Managers use reports to see which sweatshirts sell best and which products need promotion.

software development lifecycle

is the overall process of developing and maintaining software, from identifying requirements through development, testing, deployment, and maintenance.

Think of SDLC as the big picture of a software project's life. Waterfall and Agile are different ways of organizing development work within that process.

open source software

software whose code can be inspected and potentially modified by others. It often reduces costs and allows greater flexibility.

heartbleed

A serious vulnerability in OpenSSL, an open-source security library. It showed that widely used software may be maintained by very few people, creating risks if its security is not adequately supported or audited.

Log4j

A widely used logging library had a vulnerability that attackers could exploit. Because so many applications relied on it, organizations had to identify affected systems and apply fixes.

virtualization

________ — one computer acting like many

This term sounds complicated, but the concept is simple.

Normally, you might imagine that a company needs a separate physical computer for every major computing task.

Virtualization allows one physical computer to behave like multiple separate computers.

containers

Computers

____: share an operating system for additional efficiency

virtual desktops

Computers

____ ___. : where a desktop computing environment runs on another machine.

virtualization, cloud computing

________ is a technology that makes one computer act like many.

______ _____ is the delivery of computing services over a network.

Virtualization can help make cloud computing possible.

data

____ = Raw facts

"500 black sweatshirts sold last week."

information

_______ = Facts with context

"Black sweatshirts outsold every other color last week."

knowledge

________ = Insight based on information and experience

"Black sweatshirts consistently sell best, so we should consider stocking more."

big data

____ ___ refers to extremely large, complex, or varied datasets that require more advanced technology to store and analyze.

volume

3 Vs of Big Data

How much data exists

velocity

3 Vs of Big Data

How quickly data arrives

variety

3 Vs of Big Data

How many types of data exist

primary

___ key = identifies a record in its own table.

foreign

___ key = connects a record to another table.

primary, foreign

A _____ key must uniquely identify a record.

A ______ key can repeat because one customer may place many orders.

structured query language

is a language used to interact with databases.

SELECT

SQL

Command	Meaning	Think
_____	Choose which columns to retrieve	What information?

FROM

SQL

Command	Meaning	Think
___	Identify the table	From where?

WHERE

SQL

Command	Meaning	Think
_____	Filter the records	Under what condition?

extract transform load

What is ETL?

data warehouse

Storage Terms

Combines organized data from multiple systems for analysis

data mart

Storage Terms

A smaller, focused collection of data for a department or business problem

data lake

Storage Terms

Stores structured and raw, unfiltered data

data cloud

Storage Terms

Cloud-based tools to combine, transform, and analyze data

snowflake

Storage Terms

A company/platform providing cloud-based data tools

hadoop

Storage Terms

Tools for storing and processing massive amounts of data

warehouse, lake

Think of a data ______ as an organized grocery store,

while a data ____ is more like a large storage facility containing items in many different formats.

data mining

____ ___. means using computers to identify hidden patterns in large datasets and build models from those patterns.

data mining

Imagine your clothing company discovers that customers who buy matching workout sets often purchase water bottles.

You might use that information to recommend water bottles to customers shopping for workout sets.

That's:____ ______

clean, data, meaningful trends

What does data mining need to work?

1. ____, consistent ___. If records are inaccurate or incompatible, the results may be misleading.

2. Data that reflects _____ _____. Historical patterns need to be relevant to the situation you're predicting.

overengineering

creating a model so complicated that it works well on the historical data used to build it but performs poorly on new data.

electronic discovery

identifying and retrieving electronic information that may be needed for litigation.

business intelligence

Term	Main purpose	Example
____ _____	Reporting and exploring business information	Sales dashboard

analytics

Term	Main purpose	Example
________	Using data and models to support decisions	Analyzing why sales declined

data mining

Term	Main purpose	Example
____ _____	Discovering hidden patterns in large datasets	Finding customers likely to stop purchasing

canned reports

predetermined reports generated regularly, like a weekly sales report.

ad hoc reports

customized reports created when a manager needs to answer a specific question.

dashboards

____ display important metrics visually so managers can monitor performance.

C. $200

A company runs a Meta ad campaign with a CPM of $8. Its advertisement receives 25,000 impressions. How much would the advertiser be charged under this CPM model?

A. $8

B. $40

C. $200

D. $2,000

E. None of these

D. All of these (a–c) are true.

Which of the following is/are true about the Cambridge Analytica scandal?

A. A third-party app collected data from users who consented to participate.

B. Facebook's previous policies allowed access to information about users' friends.

C. Facebook subsequently restricted indirect data sharing through third-party apps.

D. All of these (a–c) are true.

E. None of these (a–c) are true.

B. It requires sequential phases and approvals, making changes slower.

Which of the following best describes the main disadvantage of the waterfall method compared with agile development?

A. It emphasizes overlapping tasks and rapid iteration.

B. It requires sequential phases and approvals, making changes slower.

C. It eliminates documentation and formal signoffs.

D. It organizes all development around Scrum sprints.

E. None of these.

C. EDI

A retailer wants its purchase orders and invoices to be exchanged automatically with a supplier using agreed-upon standards. Which technology best fits?

A. ERP

B. DBMS

C. EDI

D. Business intelligence

D. Retrieving electronic records required for litigation.

Which of the following is NOT a primary purpose of data mining?

A. Discovering hidden relationships in large data sets.

B. Detecting patterns associated with fraudulent transactions.

C. Identifying products frequently purchased together.

D. Retrieving electronic records required for litigation.

E. Building predictive models from existing data.

C. FacultyID is a primary key in faculty and a foreign key in courses.

A faculty table has a unique FacultyID for each instructor. A courses table also includes FacultyID, and the same instructor may appear on multiple course rows. Which statement is correct?

A. FacultyID is a foreign key in both tables.

B. FacultyID is a primary key in the courses table because it repeats.

C. FacultyID is a primary key in faculty and a foreign key in courses.

D. FacultyID cannot be used to connect the tables.

E. None of these.

D. All of these (a–c) are true.

Which of the following is/are true of the four phases of deep learning discussed in class?

A. Training data is collected before the model is trained.

B. Data must be analyzed and labeled to teach the model what examples represent.

C. The trained model should be tested before deployment.

D. All of these (a–c) are true.

E. None of these (a–c) are true.

C. Agentic AI

An AI system receives a customer complaint, checks the customer database, drafts an apology, and issues a refund through another application. This best illustrates:

A. Descriptive analytics

B. Generative AI alone

C. Agentic AI

D. Electronic data interchange

E. Data warehousing

D. Allowing only the original developers to oversee the algorithm's ethics.

Which of the following should organizations AVOID when managing AI algorithms ethically?

A. Continuously monitoring for bias and errors.

B. Including independent reviewers in oversight.

C. Using diverse teams to evaluate algorithms.

D. Allowing only the original developers to oversee the algorithm's ethics.

E. Revising algorithms based on feedback

D. All of these (a–c) are true.

Which of the following is/are true of cloud computing services?

A. SaaS vendors generally manage the application and underlying infrastructure.

B. PaaS customers develop applications on a vendor-managed platform.

C. IaaS offers infrastructure while customers manage more of the software stack.

D. All of these (a–c) are true.

E. None of these (a–c) are true.

D. All of these (a–c) are true.

Which of the following is/are true regarding Meta's advertising model?

A. Advertisers can use behavioral and psychographic information to target users.

B. Meta advertising can reach users who are not actively searching for a product.

C. Under CPM pricing, advertisers pay based on impressions rather than requiring a purchase.

D. All of these (a–c) are true.

E. None of these (a–c) are true.

C. Increasing government regulation of social media data collection.

Which of the following would be considered a THREAT rather than a weakness in a SWOT analysis of Meta?

A. Facebook's historical privacy and data-security problems.

B. Meta's reliance on advertising revenue.

C. Increasing government regulation of social media data collection.

D. Public criticism of Meta's internal content-moderation practices.

E. None of these.

B. Scrum organizes work into time-limited sprints and uses regular team meetings.

Which of the following is/are true of agile software development and Scrum?

A. Agile requires each project phase to be fully approved before the next phase begins.

B. Scrum organizes work into time-limited sprints and uses regular team meetings.

C. Agile eliminates the need to test software before deployment.

D. All of these (a–c) are true.

E. None of these (a–c) are true.

B. PaaS, because the vendor manages the platform while the company develops its application.

A company wants to develop a custom application but does not want to maintain servers, operating systems, or the underlying development platform. Which solution is MOST appropriate?

A. SaaS, because the company writes its own application using a finished vendor product.

B. PaaS, because the vendor manages the platform while the company develops its application.

C. IaaS, because the vendor manages the company's application code and business logic.

D. ERP, because it eliminates the need for application development.

D. A guarantee that publicly available code contains no cybersecurity vulnerabilities.

Which of the following is NOT generally an advantage of open-source software?

A. Access to source code for inspection and modification.

B. Opportunities to reuse existing software components.

C. Collaboration among developers and organizations.

D. A guarantee that publicly available code contains no cybersecurity vulnerabilities.

E. Potential reductions in software licensing costs

B. CustomerID can serve as a foreign key in the orders table.

A customer table contains CustomerID as its primary key. An orders table contains OrderID as its primary key and CustomerID to identify the buyer. Which of the following is/are true?

A. CustomerID must be unique in the orders table.

B. CustomerID can serve as a foreign key in the orders table.

C. OrderID must also be the primary key of the customer table.

D. All of these (a–c) are true.

E. None of these (a–c) are true

C. This is market basket analysis, a common use of data mining.

A retailer uses software to examine millions of transactions and discovers that customers who buy one product frequently purchase another. Which statement is MOST accurate?

A. This is e-discovery because it retrieves electronic transaction records.

B. This is ETL because the software identifies purchasing relationships.

C. This is market basket analysis, a common use of data mining.

D. This is EDI because information is exchanged electronically.

E. None of these

D. SELECT Name FROM Customers WHERE TotalPurchases > 500;

Which of the following SQL statements correctly retrieves the Name column from a Customers table for customers whose TotalPurchases exceed 500?

A. SELECT Customers FROM Name WHERE TotalPurchases > 500;

B. FROM Customers SELECT Name WHERE TotalPurchases > 500;

C. SELECT Name WHERE Customers FROM TotalPurchases > 500;

D. SELECT Name FROM Customers WHERE TotalPurchases > 500;

E. None of these

D. All of these (a–c) are true.

Which of the following is/are true regarding generative and agentic AI?

A. Generative AI can create written content based on a prompt.

B. Agentic AI can take actions across applications to complete assigned tasks.

C. Agentic systems may use generative AI while carrying out their workflows.

D. All of these (a–c) are true.

E. None of these (a–c) are true.

D. Giving the original development team exclusive authority over all ethical decisions.

Which of the following should a company AVOID when implementing AI to support business decisions?

A. Testing algorithms for bias before deployment.

B. Using a diverse team to review system outputs.

C. Revising the model based on ongoing monitoring.

D. Giving the original development team exclusive authority over all ethical decisions.

E. Creating a formal technology ethics policy.