Fluid and Electrolyte Study Tips (Flashcard Version)

hypernatremia causes

MODEL

Medications, meals

Osmotic diuretics

Diabetes insipidus

Excessive water loss

Low water intake

hypernatremia signs and symptoms

FRIED

Fever (low grade), flushed skin

Restless and irritable

Increased fluid retention and increased BP

Edema (peripheral and pitting)

Decreased urinary output, dry mouth

hyponatremia signs and symptoms

SALT LOSS

Stupor and coma

Anorexia, N&V

Lethargy

Tendon reflexes decreased

Limp muscles (weakness)

Orthostatic hypotension

Seizures and headaches

Stomach cramping

hypercalcemia causes

MD Pimps Me

Malignancy

Diuretics

Parathyroid

Immobilization/ Idiopathic

Mega doses of vitamins A, D

Paget’s Disease

Milk alkali syndrome

Endocrine (Addison’s disease, thyrotoxicosis)

hypercalcemia signs and symptoms

Groans, Moans, Bones, Stones, and Overtones

Groans: constipation

Moans: pain - joint aches

Bones: loss of calcium from bones, bone

metastasis

Stones: kidney stones

Overtones: psychiatric overtones

hypocalcemia signs and symptoms

Cats

Convulsions

Arrhythmias

Tetany

Spasms and stridor

hyperkalemia causes

Machine

Medications - ACE inhibitors, NSAIDS

Acidosis - metabolic and respiratory

Cellular destruction - burns, traumatic

injury

Hypoaldosteronism, hemolysis

Intake - excessive

Nephrons, renal failure

Excretion – impaired

hyperkalemia signs and symptoms

Murder

Muscle weakness

Urine, oliguria, anuria

Respiratory distress

Decreased cardiac contractility

ECG changes

Reflexes, hyperreflexia, or areflexia (flaccid)

hypokalemia signs and symptoms

6 L’s

Lethargy

Leg cramps

Limp muscles

Low, shallow respirations

Lethal cardiac dysrhythmias

Lots of urine (polyuria)