AP World History (ch 19)

Early independence movements in Latin America failed primarily because the __________.

colonial upper classes were reluctant to enlist the support of the American Indian, mestizo, slave, and mulatto masses living in their colonies

The external event that Latin American revolutionaries used as a model on how to break away from Spain and Portugal was the __________.

American Revolution

One characteristic common to early nineteenth-century Latin American independence leaders Miguel de Hidalgo, Agustín de Iturbide, and Simon Bolívar was that they were __________.

members of the Creole class

Conservative forces in the newly independent nations of Latin America most ardently defended the __________.

Catholic church

The idea of egalitarianism that was advocated by leaders of Latin American revolutionary movements was best illustrated in the early years of independence by the __________.

abolition of slavery throughout most of Latin America by 1850

Argentine political leader Manuel de Rosas and Mexican general Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna exemplified the role played by __________ in the newly independent nations of nineteenth-century Latin America.

caudillos who dominated their countries by force and were in control of their countries' national governments

What can be said of the impact that the Monroe Doctrine had on Latin America shortly after it was written in 1823?

Although the Monroe Doctrine warned European nations to not colonize in the Americas, this intent was actually enforced by British naval supremacy.

How did the economies of most Latin American nations change after 1850?

Latin American economies began to boom after the expansion of the European economy created new demands for Latin American products.

The resurgence of liberal ideas and control of most Latin American governments after 1875 was due mainly to the influence of __________.

positivism

Beliefs based on manifest destiny in the United States during the 1840s were best expressed by that nation's __________.

declaration of war against Mexico and seizure of about one-half of its national territory

The new generation of liberals who came to power in Latin America during the last half of the nineteenth century, some of whom were American Indians, was best exemplified by __________ in Mexico.

Benito Juárez

What can be said of cultural life in Latin America after the end of colonial rule?

Latin American culture was a tense mixture of European influences and traditional American folk culture.

The use of the American Indian as a national symbol by Brazilian writer Antnio Gonalves Dias, Cuban novels sympathetic to slaves, and the Argentinian poem Martn Fierro, which celebrated the gaucho lifestyle, reflected __________, the popular literary and artistic theme favored by the generation that came of age in Latin America after independence.

romanticism

One of the few areas where Latin American women gained significant advantages during the early years of independence was in __________.

access to public education

The __________ was a Latin American military conflict that resulted from export-based rivalry over the control of nitrates.

War of the Pacific

Independence movements in Haiti and Mexico were similar in that each __________.

lost its initial leader before the homeland achieved independence

What can be said of independence movements in Latin America by 1825?

All of Spanish South America had gained its political independence by 1825.

What was one Brazilian official implying when he stated that "men established in goods and property were unwilling to risk political change" when late eighteenth-century independence movements failed in this region?

The conservative Creole upper classes feared that a social revolution or a general slave uprising would occur if the existing political system were disrupted.

Gran Colombia, the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, and the United Provinces of Central America __________.

fragmented into smaller nations after achieving independence

__________ remained politically stable during its early years of independence due to its geographic isolation and the opening of trade in the Pacific.

Chile

What can be said of political conditions in Latin America during the first 50 years after achieving independence from Spain and Portugal?

Most Latin American nations experienced political turmoil and insecurity.

What did British foreign minister Lord Canning mean when he said in the 1820s, "Spanish America is free and if we do not mismanage our affairs sadly, she is English"?

Britain had the opportunity to exert power and influence in the former Spanish colonies in Latin America because it could offer freedom of trade with these new nations in return for diplomatic recognition.

What can be said of the liberal reforms instituted in most Latin American nations during their early years of independence in the 1820s and 1830s?

Liberal ideas and reforms were often imposed on societies unprepared for drastic change and met opposition from the church and military.

La Reforma was the revolt in __________ in which liberals set the basis for their vision of society through passage of a series of progressive laws into their national constitution in 1857.

Mexico

In his 1868 book Life in the Argentine Republic in the Days of the Tyrants, or Civilization and Barbarism, Argentinian president Domingo F. Sarmiento implied in the following passage that his homeland needed to __________.

"Books, events, and the impulses given by [the revolutions for independence], induced South America to take part in the movement imparted to France by North American demands for liberty, and to Spain by her own and French writers. [T]he revolution ... was interesting and intelligible only to the Argentine cities, but foreign and unmeaning to the rural districts."

overcome the "barbarism" of rural life and implant the "civilization" of Europeanized cities

Fazendas were large estates that spread into interior Brazil during the mid-nineteenth century as __________ became a major export commodity in this nation.

coffee

Which of the following best describes the economic conditions in Latin America at the beginning of the 1880s?

Latin America was mostly a group of agrarian nations with rigid social structures and a continuing dependency on the word market.

Under the development theory that emerged in the 1960s, scholars argued that the lack of economic growth in Latin America and other parts of the world resulted from __________.

a process in which economic growth in Western Europe and the United States was achieved at the expense of underdeveloped, dependent regions

The Mexican Revolution that overthrew long-time dictator Porfirio Daz in 1910 was instigated by __________.

the middle class

What can be said of the "American way" that demonstrated the superiority of the United States during the early twentieth century?

The "American way" was fed to some extent by racist ideas and a sense of cultural superiority.

Latin American Creole elites who were part of independence movements in their homelands eventually rejected the ideas and actions of the French Revolution because they felt that this revolution __________.

was too radical

Toussaint L'ouverture and Jean Jacques Dessalines were associated with the independence movement in __________.

Haiti

What is meant when it is said that the sequence of independence movements in South America and the Caribbean was a "mirror image" of the Spanish conquest of the sixteenth century?

The earliest nations to declare their independence in the nineteenth century were among the last that the Spanish had settled three hundred years before.

How did Napoleon's invasion of Portugal provoke a different outcome from his invasion of Spain?

The Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil and ruled their empire from there after Napoleon invaded Portugal, unlike the Spanish king, who was deposed.

__________ aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence and became the first constitutional emperor of that newly independent nation in 1822.

Pedro I

Concerns that the general populations in newly independent Latin American nations were not yet ready to deal with the egalitarian reforms called for by the founders of their nations were balanced by __________.

imposing property or literacy restrictions on voters

The popular classes' lack of support for the new regimes in recently independent Latin American nations and/or their participation in royalist armies during their homelands' political revolutions led to __________.

a lack of trust by the ruling Creole elite

At the time of independence in the 1810s and 1820s, many of the former Spanish colonies in Latin America __________.

were formed into large states that eventually fragmented because of regional differences and geographic barriers

The main issue that divided Latin American politicians into centralist and federalist factions had to do with the role and powers of the __________.

national government

A Latin American politician who believed the national government should have the power to set commercial policies and to tax while also opposing individualism would have best been described as a __________.

conservative centralist

Between the early years of independence and 1860, which foreign nation was the dominant economic force in Latin America?

Britain

Between 1850 and 1880, __________ was a major item of trade exported from Peru, earning this country more than £10 million during that 30-year period.

guano

The second Industrial Revolution and the age of imperialism most impacted Latin America by __________.

creating new demands for copper and rubber as industrial products

What can be said of the political system in Mexico during the 1830s?

Mexico became a republic with a federalist constitution but was wracked with internal struggles between liberals and conservatives until caudillo Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna assumed autocratic rule in 1835.

Under the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, the United States __________.

gained about one-half of Mexico's national territory

The Argentine government under the rule of Juan Manuel de Rosas was best described as __________.

a weak central autocratic government favoring ranchers and merchants

In his 1815 "Jamaica Letter," Latin American liberator Simon Bolvar suggested that __________ when stating, "We have been harassed by a conduct which has not only deprived us of our rights but has kept us in a sort of permanent infancy with regard to public affairs."

Spain had left Latin America unprepared for independence

Although numerous factors led to the overthrow of the Brazilian monarchy in 1889, the __________ most contributed to the emperor's downfall and the establishment of a republic under the military.

abolition of slavery

What can be said of the social systems in Latin America in the decades after winning independence?

Although the old society of castes was legally abolished, the stigma of skin color and former slave status still created barriers for advancement.

The late nineteenth-century Parisian expression "as wealthy as an Argentine" demonstrated that Argentina __________.

had one of the world's highest rates of economic growth between 1870 and 1890

__________ helped dictator Porfirio Daz project an image of modernization in Mexico despite his repressive regime.

Cientficos

Which of the following best explains why the modernization theory of economic development was inapplicable to Latin America?

In nineteenth-century Latin America, early attempts to develop industry were faced with competition from the cheaper and better products of the industrialized nations in Europe, so a path similar to European economic development was not possible.

What was one way that Argentina's economic expansion differed from Mexico's economic expansion during the last decades of the nineteenth century?

Argentina had significantly larger numbers of European immigrants who contributed to the workforce.

During the late nineteenth century, the press in the United States frequently portrayed Latin Americans as __________.

unruly children who were racially different

The United States openly supported a Panamanian rebellion for independence from Colombia so it could __________.

construct a canal across the Panama isthmus