Learn: ANP Chap 4-6

4 types of tissue

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Simple squamous epithelium (flat)

Very thin, allows for rapid diffusion (ex. alveoli, capillaries)

Simple cuboidal epithelium (cube)

Adsorption/secretion (ex. sweat glands, kidney tubules)

Simple columnar epithelial (column)

Absorption/secretion (GL track, uterus)

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (false columns)

Secrete & move mucus (ex. respiratory tract)

Stratified squamous epithelium, non-keratinized

Lines tracts near openings (ex. mouth, anus, vagina)

Basement membrane

Anchors epithelium to the connective tissue underneath it

Dense connective tissue (smooth/wavy/shiny)

Binds tissues together, resists stress (ex. tendons, ligaments, dermis)

Loose connective tissue (areolar)

Lots of open space, highly vascular, binds epithelium to deep tissues, passageway for vessels/nerves, nutrients, etc (ex. dermis)

Adipose tissue (fat)

Lots of adipocytes & blood cells, storage, cushioning, insulation (ex. hypodermis, breast tissue, surrounding organs)

Hyaline cartilage (most flexible)

Most common, lacunae often in pairs, flexible support (ex. nose, ribcage, respiratory tract, synovial joints)

Elastic cartilage (somewhat flexible)

Random lacunae, elastic support (ex. external ear, epiglottis)

Fibrocartilage (least flexible)

Most rigid, parallel collagen fibers, lacunae in rows, resist compression, absorb shock (ex. menisci of the knee, intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis)

Bone

Most rigid tissue, collagen & calcified matrix, structure support, protection, calcium storage

Blood

Liquid matrix (plasma), no fibers, transport substances, immune support

Epithelial tissue

Boundary between body compartments/between body and environment (ex. skin)

Connective tissue

Support, protect & bind tissue together

Muscle tissue

Movement & body heat

Nervous tissue

Neurons and glial cells provide rapid communication

Skeletal muscle

-Voluntary movement

-Straited

-Multinucleated

-Attached to bones

Cardiac muscle

-Involuntary movement

-Striated

-Uninecleotide

-Pumps blood

Smooth muscle

-Involuntary movement

-No striations

-Uninucleotide

-Blood vessels

Tight junction

"Zipper"- fusion of plasma membrane, prevents molecules from passing between cells (ex. kidney)

Desmosomes

"Button"- resists stress and holds cells together, cytoskeleton and protein hook together (ex. skin)

Gap junction

"Tube"- rapid electrical communication, pore of proteins connects cytoplasm

Integument

Skin

Integumentary system

Skin & accessory organs (ex. hair, nails, glands)

Purpose of integumentary system...

-Protection

-Water & UV barrier

-Sensation (temp, pressure, touch, pain)

-Thermoregulation

-Vitamin D synthesis

Epidermis

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Keratinocytes

Makes protein keratin (found in epidermis)

Dendritic cell

Immune cells (found in skin, lungs, nose, blood, etc)

Tactile cells

Touch receptors (found in the stratum basale)

Melanocytes

Make melanin (found in the stratum basale)

Stem cells

Give a raise to keratinocytes (found in bone and tissue)

Stratum corneum (5)

30+ layers of dead, thick cells that constantly shed

Stratum lucidum (4)

Thin clear layer found only on thick skin (found on soles of feet and palms of hand)

Stratum granulosum (3)

2-5 layers, dark granules, makes lots of keratin

Stratum spinosum (2)

Many layers, limited mitosis because it moves farther from blood supply

Stratum basale (1)

Single layer of cells, constant mitosis

Melanin

Brown/black- produced by melanocytes, absorbs UV radiation

Hemoglobin

Pink/red from blood, more prominent where vessels near the surface

Carotene

Yellow- from yellow fruits/veggies

Dermal Papillae/Epidermal ridges

Prevents slippage of epidermis, increases sensitivity

Papillary layer

Top 20%- loose CT

Reticular layer

Bottom 80%- dense CT

Tactile corpuscles

Light touch receptors in dermal papillae

Lamellar corpuscle

Deep pressure receptors in reticular lamina

Eccrine glands

-Secretes watery liquid

-Cools the skin

-Leads to surface of skin

Apocrine glands

-Secretes thick/milky liquid

-Developed in puberty

-Releases BO (stinky)

-Ducts lead to hair follicles

Sebaceous glands

-Secretes oily liquid

-Ducts open to hair follicles

Ceruminous glands

-Secretes earwax

-Waterproofs/protects the ear canal

Hair

Made of hard keratin, provides protection and insulation

Downy hair

Soft- found on fetus

Vellus hair

Fine/pale- found mainly on females

Terminal hair

Long/thick- appears after puberty

Hypodermis (subcutaneous fat)

-Adipose/loose CT

-Provide cushion, insulation, and energy

-Found in hips and breast tissue

1st degree burn

-Not painful

-Epidermis

-Very common (ex. sunburn)

2nd degree burn

-Very painful

-Epidermis/dermis

-Somewhat common (ex. scalding from a pot)

3rd degree burn

-Somewhat painful

-Epidermis/dermis/hypodermis

-Rare (ex. catch on fire)

Basal cell carcinoma

-Stratum Basale

-Most common

-Not lethal

Squamous cell carcinoma

-Stratum Spinosum

-Somewhat common

-Lethal if not treated right away

Malignant melanoma

-Melanocytes

-Very rare

-Can be lethal

Function of keratinization in epithelium

Form a protective, waterproof barrier on the skin

Mitosis

-Somatic (body) cell division

-1 cell division

-2 cells produced

-Same from parent cell

Meiosis

-Gamete (reproductive) cell division: egg & sperm

-2 cell divisions

-4 cells produced

-Different from parent cell

Chromatin

DNA + proteins = form DNA in non-dividing cells

Chromosomes

Segments of chromatin (condense during prophase)

Chromatid

1/2 of a replicated chromosome

Human genome

46 total chromosomes, 23 pairs

Cell cycle

Interphase-

-First gap phase (growth)

-Synthesis phase (DNA replication)

-Second gap phase (Growth & replication)

Mitotic phase-

-P, M, A, T, C

Steps of mitosis

~begins with interphase~

Prophase- chromosomes condense

Metaphase- chromosomes lie along the midline

Anaphase- chromatids get pulled apart

Telophase- chromosomes are in 2 new cells

Cytokinesis- cytoplasm splits into 2

~ends with 2 diploid cells~

Steps of meiosis

~begins with interphase~

Prophase I- chromosomes condense

Metaphase I- chromosomes lie along the midline in pairs

Anaphase I- chromatids get pulled apart

Telophase I- chromosomes are in 2 new cells

Prophase II- spindles start forming

Metaphase II- chromatids line along the midline

Anaphase II- chromatids get pulled apart

Telophase II- chromosomes are now in 4 new cells

Cytokinesis- cytoplasm splits into 4

~ends in 4 haploid cells~

Diploid (2n)

46 chromosomes (found in mitosis)

Haploid (n)

23 chromosomes (found in meiosis)

Gene

Segment of DNA responsible for coding

Allele

Different forms of the same gene

Dominant

Trait is expressed

Recessive

Only expressed if no dominant allele is present

Homozygous

2 identical alleles

Heterozygous

2 different alleles

Genotype

Alleles present for a particular trait

Phenotype

Observable trait

Tongue rolling is a dominant trait, and no tongue rolling is a recessive trait. Homer is a non-tongue roller, and Marge is a heterozygous tongue roller. What is the % their child will be a tongue roller?

50%

Harry has type AB and Meghan has type O. What possible blood types can their kids have?

A and B

Diane has a sex-linked, recessive disorder. Jack does not have it. What is the % their son will have it? What is the % their daughter will have it?

Son= 100%, Daughter= 0%

Genotype

Cannot see with the naked eye, must look at DNA

Phenotype

Can see with the naked eye