C++ Programming Concepts and Fundamentals

A comprehensive set of 143 vocabulary flashcards covering key C++ concepts, variables, operators, program flow, formatting manipulators, formulas, and common error types based on the lecture notes.

Variable

A named storage location used to hold a value.

Data Type

Tells C++ what kind of value a variable stores.

int Data Type

Stores whole numbers without decimal values.

double Data Type

Stores numbers that can contain decimal values.

bool Data Type

Stores true or false values.

char Data Type

Stores a single character.

string Data Type

Stores text or a sequence of characters.

Variable Declaration

Creating a variable by giving its data type and name.

Variable Initialization

Creating a variable and giving it an initial value.

Assignment

Changing the value stored in an existing variable.

= Operator

Assigns or stores a value in a variable.

== Operator

Compares two values to see if they are equal.

Difference Between = and ==

= assigns a value; == compares values.

cin

Receives input from the user.

cout

Displays output to the screen.

cin >> variable

Receives user input and stores it in the variable.

cout << variable

Displays the value stored in the variable.

cin Operator

Uses >> for input.

cout Operator

Uses << for output.

cin and cout Arrow Memory Rule

cin uses >> for input; cout uses << for output.

endl

Moves output to the next line.

Constant

A value that cannot be changed after initialization.

const Keyword

Creates a constant in C++.

Named Constants Purpose

They make code clearer and easier to update consistently.

Named Constant Naming Convention

Written using uppercase letters with underscores.

Named Constant Example

const double TAX_RATE = 0.08;

Regular Variable Naming Convention

Commonly named using lowercase or camelCase.

camelCase Example

purchasePrice

int price = 10;

Creates an integer variable named price with value 10.

double price = 12.75;

Creates a decimal variable named price with value 12.75.

score = 95;

Changes the existing value of score to 95.

score == 95

Checks whether score is equal to 95.

• Operator

Adds values.

• Operator

Subtracts values.

• Operator

Multiplies values.

/ Operator

Divides values.

% Operator

Gives the remainder after division.

29 % 6

Evaluates to $5$.

10 % 3

Evaluates to $1$.

20 % 5

Evaluates to $0$.

Integer Division

Division where both operands are integers and the decimal is discarded.

7 / 2 (Integer Division)

Evaluates to $3$ when both values are int.

11 / 4 (Integer Division)

Evaluates to $2$ when both values are int.

7.0 / 2

Evaluates to $3.5$.

Decimal Output Condition in Division

Division produces a decimal when at least one operand is a floating-point value.

Operator Precedence

The rules determining which operations happen first.

First Step in Expression Evaluation

Parentheses occur first in an expression.

Second Step in Expression Evaluation

Multiplication, division, and modulus occur after parentheses.

Third Step in Expression Evaluation

Addition and subtraction occur after *, /, and %.

Equal Precedence Evaluation Order

Operations with equal precedence are evaluated from left to right.

5 + 3 * 4

Evaluates to $17$.

(10 - 4) * 2 + 3

Evaluates to $15$.

18 - 6 / 3 + 4 * 2

Evaluates to $24$.

Operator

Greater than.

< Operator

Less than.

= Operator

Greater than or equal to.

Less than or equal to.

== Relational Operator

Equal to.

!= Operator

Not equal to.

Relational Operator

An operator used to compare values.

&& Operator

AND; both conditions must be true.

|| Operator

OR; at least one condition must be true.

Logical Operator

An operator used to combine or work with conditions.

if Statement

Runs code when a condition is true.

else if Statement

Checks another condition if the previous condition was false.

else Statement

Runs when none of the previous conditions are true.

if (age >= 60)

Checks whether age is 60 or older.

choice >= 1 && choice <= 3

Means choice must be between 1 and 3 inclusive.

choice == 1 || choice == 2

Means choice can be either 1 or 2.

Boolean Condition

A condition that evaluates to true or false.

bool Values

Can represent true or false.

bool Input 1

Usually represents true or yes.

bool Input 0

Usually represents false or no.

Syntax Error

An error caused by breaking C++ grammar or syntax rules.

Logic Error

An error where the program runs but produces an incorrect result.

Missing Semicolon

A common syntax error.

Wrong Mathematical Formula

A type of logic error.

Program Compiles but Gives Wrong Answer

Classified as a logic error.

Code Cannot Compile Due to Invalid Syntax

Classified as a syntax error.

Header iostream

Header used for cin and cout.

Header iomanip

Header used for formatting tools.

using namespace std

Lets you use standard names like cin and cout without std::.

#include <iostream>

Provides input/output tools such as cin and cout.

include #include <iomanip>

Provides formatting tools such as setw and setprecision.

#include <string>

Provides the string data type.

main() Function

The function where a C++ program begins executing.

return 0;

Means the main function completed successfully.

Comment

Text ignored by the compiler that explains code.

Single-line Comment Start

Begins with //.

Comments Purpose

They explain code and make programs easier to understand.

fixed Stream Manipulator

Displays floating-point values in fixed decimal notation.

setprecision(2) with fixed

Displays exactly 2 digits after the decimal.

setprecision(3) with fixed

Displays exactly 3 digits after the decimal.

7.5 with fixed and setprecision(2)

Becomes 7.50.

4.2 with fixed and setprecision(3)

Becomes 4.200.

setw(10)

Sets a minimum field width of 10 for the next output item.

setw(10) Decimal Misconception

Does not mean 10 decimal places; it controls field width and spacing.

setw Control Scope

Controls output spacing and alignment.

setprecision Control Scope

Controls the number of decimal places when used with fixed.

left Manipulator

Aligns output to the left of its field when used with setw.