Biology 1500 Chapters 5, 6, 7, 8 Exam Review

What are the 4 large biological molecules?

Proteins, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, and Lipids

What is a polymer made up of?

Monomers linked through covalent bonds

Dehydration (condensation) vs. Hydrolysis (cleavage)

Makes polymers and loses a water

Breaks polymers and gains a water

Glucose and Glucose make; What glycosidic linkage?

Maltose; 1,4 glycosidic linkage

Glucose and Fructose make; What glycosidic linkage?

Sucrose; 1,2 glycosidic linkage

Storage polysaccharide of plants?

Starch

Storage polysaccharide of animals?

Glycogen

Simplest form of starch?

Amylose

Where is Glycogen stored

Liver and muscle cells

Which glucose ring form does cellulose have?

Beta Glucose

Which glucose ring form does starch have?

Alpha glucose

Chitin is found where

exoskeleton and fungi cell wall

Why aren’t lipids macromolecules?

They aren’t polymers

3 most important lipids

Fats, phospholipids, and steroids

Triglyceride is a fat made up and bonded by

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids by ester linkage

Fatty acid has a ____ group attached to a long ____ skeleton

Carboxyl; carbon

Saturated fats

No double bonds, straight, solid

Unsaturated fats

Cis double bond, kinked, liquid

How does a trans fat come?

Hydrogenation to vegetable oil

4 reasons why fat is important?

Energy storage, More compact fuel than carbs, cushions organs in mammals, and insulates against heat loss

Phospholipid is made up by

two fatty acids and a phosphate group

Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?

The tails

Steroids are made up of

four carbon based rings

Cholesterol: what type of lipid, and where it's found

Steroid found in animal cell membrane

Amino acid structure (the parts around the alpha carbon)

Carboxyl group, amine group, and a side chain

What makes amino acids different to each other

R groups

What is the linkage called between amino acids

Peptide bonds

Describe the primary structure and what holds it together

A unique sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Describe the secondary structure and what holds it together

Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets held by hydrogen bonds

Describe the tertiary structure and what holds it together

One polypeptide in 3D shape by interactions in the side chain (R group)

Describe the quaternary structure

2 or more polypeptide chains folding to make one protein

Loss of a protein’s native structure

DenaturationW

What causes denaturation

Environmental factors

Diseases linked with misfolded proteins

Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Mad Cow Disease

Two types of nucleic acids (full names of DNA and RNA)

Deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acid

How many chromosomes in a human cell

46

What are chaperonins

Proteins that help other proteins fold correctly

What is the monomer of a nucleic acid?

Nucleotides

3 parts of a nucleotide

Phosphate, pentose, nitrogenous base

DNA vs RNA (sugar, strand, and role)

Deoxyribose, double strand, stores genetic info

Ribose, single strand, turns DNA into proteins

Purines

Adenine and guanine

Pyrimidines

Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) vs Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

Looking at surface to make an image vs through the cell to make an image

4 components of all cells

Plasma membrane, Cytosol, Chromosomes, Ribosomes

Prokaryotic cells

No nucleus, DNA in nucleoid, No membrane-bound organelle, and cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane

Eukaryotic cells

DNA in nucleus, membrane bound organelles, cytoplasm in region between plasma membrane and nucleus

Surface area to volume: why are cells small?

smaller cells have a higher surface area to volume ratio

DNA is organized into discrete units called

chromosomes

DNA + Proteins

Chromatin

Nuclear envelope

The double membrane of the nucleus

Nuclear Pores

Transports molecules in and out of nucleus

Nucleolus

Site of rRNA syntheis

Free ribosomes

ribosomes in the cytosol

Bound ribosomes

ribosomes on the outside of the ER or the nuclear envelope

Endomembrane System definition

Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions of the cell

Parts of Endomembrane system

Nuclear Envelope, plasma membrane, vacuoles, golgi apparatus, ER, lysosomes

Functions of smooth ER

Makes lipids, breaks down carbs, detoxes, stores calcium ions

Functions of Rough ER

Secretes glycoproteins, distributes transport vesicles, membrane factor for the cell

Functions of the Golgi Apparatus

Modifies products of the ER, Manufactures macromolecules, and sorts and packages materials in transport vesicles

Which side of the golgi receives

cis side

lysosome

Organelle that performs phagocytosis and autophagy

phagocytosis

cell engulfing a cell to make food vacuole

autophagy

Recycling of organelles and macromolecules

Food vacuoles

found in phagocytosis

contractile vacuoles

found in freshwater protists to pump water out of their cells

central vacuoles

found in plant cells containing sap

Mitochondria function

Cellular respiration to generate ATP

Cristae

Folds of the mitochondria’s double membrane

Intermembrane space

the space between the inner and outer membrane for a mitochondria

mitochondrial matrix

the space inside the inner membrane of mitochondria

Endosymbiont theory

An oxygen using prokaryote was engulfed to make a mitochondria and photosynthesis prokaryote was engulfed to make a chloroplast

Plastids

organelles specializing in photosyntheis or storage

Chromoplast

have carotenoids to make things orange

chloroplasts

contain chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis

amyloplasts

store starch

stroma

semi-fluid interior of chloroplast

thylakoids

disks in the stroma to capture light

granum

a stack of thylakoids

parts of the cytoskeleton

Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

Microtubules

largest (25 nm diameter); tubes that shape the cell, guide movement of organelles, separate chromosomes

microfilaments

smallest (7 nm); solid actin rods that help cell shape, form microvilli, work with myosin in muscle cells, and help with amoeba movement

intermediate filaments

8-12 nm, support cell structure more permanently

centrosome

region where microtubules grow

centrioles

centrosome has a pair of centrioles, built from microtubules

Cilia and Flagella

extensions of microtubules to help cells move

Motor proteins with ATP

motor proteins walk vesicles along microtubules by ATP

Extracellular matrix

material outside of animal cells for support

Integrins

proteins the ECM proteins bind to in the plasma membrane

Plasmodesmata

Allows passage of cytosol in plant cells

Tight junctions

seals area between cells (zipper)

Desmosomes

Brings cells together (velcro)

Gap junctions

Passage of cytosol in animal cells

Fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane

mosaic of proteins in bi-layer

How often does flip flopping of phospholipids occur

around once a month

How do phospholipids move

laterally

Factors that affect fluidity of phospholipids

temperature and nature of the fatty acids

Cholesterol role in membrane fluidity

prevents tight packing at low temperature

What happens if the membrane is too fluid

Prevents proper protein function —> membrane ruptures

what happens if the membrane is too solid

proteins can’t move around

Peripheral protiens

bound to the surface of the membrane