Basics of Chemistry and Chemistry of Water Review

A set of vocabulary flashcards keying in on topics from the Basics of Chemistry and Chemistry of Water study guide.

Subatomic Particles

The foundational components of an atom, which include protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Ionic Bond

A chemical bond formed when atoms gain or lose electrons, resulting in oppositely charged ions.

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed when atoms share electron pairs to form molecules.

Polar Molecule

A molecule with an asymmetrical distribution of electrical charge across its structure.

Nonpolar Molecule

A molecule with an even distribution of electrical charge, lacking distinct positive and negative regions.

Hydrogen Bonding

An intermolecular force of attraction that occurs between polar molecules as a direct result of polarity.

Cohesion

A property of water where water molecules are attracted to and stick to other water molecules.

Adhesion

A property of water where water molecules are attracted to and stick to other non-water substances.

High Specific Heat Capacity

A property of water requiring a large amount of heat energy to raise its temperature, which helps stabilize environments essential to life.

Capillary Action

The movement of liquid along a surface or narrow space driven by adhesion, cohesion, and low viscosity.

Surface Tension

A measure of the elastic force at the surface of a liquid caused by cohesive forces between water molecules.

Solvent

The dissolving agent in a solution, present in the greatest quantity (such as water).

Solute

The substance that is dissolved within a solvent to form a solution.

Solution

A homogeneous mixture formed by dissolving a solute completely in a solvent.

Dissociation of Water

The splitting of a water molecule into hydrogen ions ($H^+$), hydronium ions ($H_3O^+$), and hydroxide ions ($OH^-$).

Hydronium Ion

A positively charged ion ($H_3O^+$) formed when a hydrogen ion combines with a water molecule.

Hydroxide Ion

A negatively charged ion ($OH^-$) produced during the dissociation of water.

Acid

A solution containing a higher concentration of hydrogen/hydronium ions than hydroxide ions.

Base

A solution containing a higher concentration of hydroxide ions than hydrogen/hydronium ions.

pH Scale

A measurement scale used to quantify the acidity or basicity of a solution.

MISA Test

The state science assessment (Maryland Integrated Science Assessment) simulated by unit tests featuring multiple choice and choose-all-that-apply questions.