AP SEMINAR

cuarto de prepa primer trimestre

What is an argument?

Language, image, it is not a disagreement

Arguments are not only on words, they want to convince you of something

making a point, a reasoned inquiry

Parts of a classic argument

• Introduction

• Background information

• Confirmation

• Counterargument and Refutation /Rebuttal

• Conclusion

Pieces of an argument - Thesis

The main idea ( the problem + opinion + solution )

Pieces of an argument - Claim

Supports the thesis ( reasons to believe ) ( begging of each body paragraph ) ( sounds like facts but are opinions and must be debatable )

Pieces of an argument - Evidence

facts, examples, etc. (data)

Pieces of an argument - Commentary

Link the claim and evidence ( the author voice )

Q1

• Short but thorough response

• Determine the argument

• Avoid generalization

tow types of question

solutions based questions, and position based question

What are the 5 criteria for an effective research question?

• Involves genuine points of ongoing debate.

• Invites engagement with alternative perspectives.

• Requires a judgment or evaluation to be made.

• Is researchable (not too broad or narrow, feasible).

• Simple (avoids additional embedded questions).

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What question type should you avoid when formulating research questions?

Avoid "How" questions.

What is a "Lens"?

The filter through which an issue or topic is considered or examined.

What is a "Perspective"?

A point of view conveyed through an argument.

How do Academic Journals compare to Popular Sources?

• Journal: Written by experts, peer-reviewed process, looks for credentials, includes abstract, small biography, bibliography, specialized vocabulary, longer text, footnotes.

• Popular Source (Magazines/Newspapers): Flashy covers, advertisements, brief content, found in stores, easy to find, main goal is to inform or sell.

What does it mean for a source to be credible?

It means the information is trustworthy and you can believe it.

How can you tell if a source is credible?

Check the author's level of expertise, point of view, date, peer review, and bias.

What is the difference between Intentional and Unintentional Bias?

• Intentional: Gives info on purpose to sell or push a specific point of view.

• Unintentional: Someone can't have a whole perspective; their point of view naturally affects the results.

What is a Solutions-Based Argument?

An argument that focuses on solving a problem.

What is a Position-Based Argument?

An argument that takes a position (agrees or disagrees).

What academic search databases are listed in the notes?

• JSTOR (jstor.com)

• EBSCO

• Google Scholar

What are the 5 criteria for a Research Question?

• Involves genuine points of on-going debate

• Invites engagement with alternative perspectives

• Requires a judgement or evaluation to be made

• Is researchable

• Simple

What is a Line of Reasoning?

The arrangement of claims and evidence that leads to a conclusion.

What key questions help analyze a Line of Reasoning?

• How do the claims allow the author to achieve the purpose?

• Why did the author arrange the claims in that order?

• Why did the author select that specific piece of evidence?

• How do the claims and evidence work together to support the thesis?

What are the 5 Tiers of Credibility?

• Tier 1: Peer-reviewed academic journals, books

• Tier 2: Specialized publications, government sources

• Tier 3: Newspapers, reputable organizations

• Tier 4: Popular magazines, popular media

• Tier 5: Wikipedia, social media, blogs, general sites

RAVEN

R - Reputation

A - Ability to observe

V - Vested interest

E - Expertise

N - Neutrality

Reputation

What is the track record or standing of the author or publisher? Is the source known for reliability?

Ability to observe

Was the author in a position to witness, research, or directly access the information firsthand?

Vested

Does the author or source have something to gain or lose from the outcome or perspective presented?

Expertise

Does the author have the necessary specialized knowledge, credentials, or credentials for this topic?

Neutrality

Is the source objective and balanced, or does it show clear bias?