police science

Metropolitan Police Act

Sir Robert Peel's legislation that established the first organized police force in London

London Police

Nicknamed "Bobbie's" after Sir Robert Peel. They were abused by the wealthy and those who assaulted them were never charged. Peel created "Principles of "Policing"

Sir Robert Peele

Father of modern policing. Trained and paid police officers.

1st Police Force in NY

established in New York City in 1845 (authorized by the Municipal Police Act of 1844)

Pinkerton National Detective Agency

to fill a major gap in mid-19th-century law enforcement, which was fragmented, underfunded, and limited by state lines

FBI

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the primary investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ)

DEA

The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is a federal law enforcement agency under the U.S. Department of Justice that enforces the controlled substances laws and regulations of the United States

Secret Service

Federal agency responsible for executive protection and for investigation of counterfeiting and various forms of financial fraud.

ATF

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives

Due process

the right to be heard and the fundamental fairness in that hearing

Exclusionary Rule

stops the government from using evidence gathered in violation of a defendant's constitutional rights during a criminal trial. (4th amendment

Weeks V US

the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled that a warrantless search and seizure of private property from a residence violates the Fourth Amendment

Wolf V Colorado

No unreasonable searches and seizures

Mapp v Ohio

evidence obtained through unconstitutional searches and seizures violates the Fourth Amendment and is inadmissible in state criminal proceedings

Exigent Circumstances

are emergency situations that allow law enforcement officers to enter a home or conduct a search without a warrant

Plain view

you must legally be there and the item found must be incriminating in nature

scope of cross examination

the subject matter of the direct examination and matters affecting the witness's credibility

search warrant

is a rite usually given by a detached magistrate based on probable cause to search someone's property for a specific item. Specifically described area and objects

procedural Law

the rules and methods that courts use to conduct trials and manage legal cases

Substantive law

is the set of statutory rules, constitutional provisions, and common law precedents that defines the rights, duties, obligations, and prohibitions governing society

4th amendment

Protection against Unreasonable Search and Seizure

5th Amendment

The Right to Remain Silent/Double Jeopardy- right to due process

6th amendment

The right to a Speedy Trial by jury- representation by an attorney for an accused person

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

Law of Arrest

the legal process where law enforcement takes a person into custody based on probable cause that they have committed a crime.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Lineups

an investigative procedure where a criminal suspect is placed in a group of similar-looking people so a witness or victim can try to identify the perpetrator

Discovery

the formal pre-trial phase in a lawsuit or legal case where opposing parties exchange and gather information

show up

when a witness views a single individual for purposes of identification; sometimes known as a field interview. close proximity to where the crime happened

Interrogation

the act of questioning used to obtain a confession or giving up information becoming a CI

arrest warrants

to authorize law enforcement to take a specific person into custody for a crime or a court violation

Affidavit

written statement made under oath

Arraignment

a defendant's first formal appearance in court after being arrested or charged with a crime.

Grand jury

a jury normally of twenty-three jurors, selected to examine the validity of an accusation before trial.

preliminary investigation

(deliver aid- interview witnesses- set up and secure- crime scene- determine what crime you think happened, no people walking through or tampering, take pictures, call crime scene investigators if available to the department, gather and secure the evidence using proper precautions) if witness is there take a statement, put description out to other officers (city wide). Do everything to obtain a conviction.

Follow up investigations

an official inquiry generally conducted by a detective to develop a case; includes identifying and locating a suspect- possibly obtaining a confession

Courtroom testimony

statements made under oath during a trial or hearing to help a judge or jury understand the facts of a case

credibility of a witness

Trustworthiness of a witness's testimony.

competency of a witness

provides information or testimony about an event

How is evidence introduced

All evidence has to be introduced through the testimony of a witness

Chain of custody

is the chronological paper trail that tracks the collection

Authentication

name, shield number, where you work, etc will all be on there.

Robbery

the unlawful taking of property from a person's immediate possession by force or intimidation

Larceny

theft of personal property

Burglary

the unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft

Hearsay

An out of court statement offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted.

Interrogation process

The direct questioning of a suspect to gather evidence and to obtain a confession or statement

What is the interview process

a structured conversation where law enforcement engages with a witness or victim to gather information about a crime.

Witness

provides information or testimony about an event

suspect

a person who law enforcement believes may have committed a crime.

What is DNA?

deoxyribonucleic acid, used to identify someone as no one has the same exact dna

Alec Jeffries

invented DNA fingerprinting and DNA profiling

Albert Bertilion

created the first systematic method for criminal identification

Handling evidence

the systematic process of collecting, documenting, securing, and storing physical or digital items from an incident to preserve their integrity and ensure admissibility in court

Expert witnesses

a person with specialized knowledge, training, education, or experience who provides independent opinions and analysis to help a court or tribunal understand complex technical, scientific, or industry-specific issue

Role of the District Attorney

The District Attorney prosecutes criminal cases on behalf of the government, works with law enforcement, and seeks justice while protecting the rights of victims and the accused.

What is compstat?

is a data-driven police management system and organizational strategy used by law enforcement agencies to map crime trends

US V Leon

established the "good-faith" exception to the Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule.

Mass v Shephard

Good-faith exception when police reasonably rely on a warrant with a judge's error

Chambers v Maroney

Police may search a lawfully seized vehicle without a warrant when probable cause supports the search

United States v. Ross

With probable cause, police may search containers inside a vehicle where the object of the search could be found.

Pennsylvania v. Mimms

Police may order a driver out of a lawfully stopped vehicle; a frisk requires justification under the circumstances

Chimel v. California

Search incident to arrest is generally limited to the arrested person and the area within their immediate control.

Miranda v. Arizona

Police must provide Miranda warnings before custodial interrogation, subject to the applicable legal rules

Escobedo v. Illinois

Right to counsel during certain focused police interrogations

Terry v. Ohio

Police may briefly stop someone based on reasonable suspicion and frisk them for weapons when they reasonably suspect the person is armed and dangerous

Moran v. Burbine

Clarifies Miranda waivers and the limits of a suspect's rights when an attorney independently tries to intervene

Brady v. Maryland

Prosecutors must disclose material evidence favorable to the defense, including evidence relevant to guilt or punishment