Smith's Hill High School - Year 8 Science Assessment Task No. 2: Periodic Table, Atomic Structure & Change

Comprehensive practice flashcards for the Smith's Hill High School Year 8 Science Assessment Task No. 2 Examination, covering Classification of Matter, Atomic Structure, the Periodic Table, Chemical Change, Energy Transfers, Working Scientifically, and task logistics.

What is the relative electrical charge of a proton?

$+1$ (positive)

What is the relative electrical charge of an electron?

$-1$ (negative)

What is the relative electrical charge of a neutron?

$0$ (neutral / zero charge)

What is the relative mass assigned to a proton?

$1$ (or $1\,\text{amu}$)

What is the relative mass assigned to a neutron?

$1$ (or approximately equal to that of a proton)

What is the relative mass of an electron compared to a proton or neutron?

Approximately $\frac{1}{1836}$ (negligible mass)

What role have new technologies played in atomic theory?

Observations made possible by new technologies have led to a more detailed understanding of atomic structure

What key historical transition occurred between Dalton's model and Thomson's plum pudding model?

The discovery of subatomic particles (the electron), showing that atoms are not indivisible solid spheres

What did Rutherford's gold foil experiment reveal about atomic structure?

That the atom is mostly empty space with a tiny, dense, positively charged nucleus at the centre

How did Niels Bohr refine Rutherford's nuclear model in the planetary model?

He proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in specific circular energy levels or shells at fixed distances

Which subatomic particle was discovered last, completing the planetary model of the nucleus?

The neutron (discovered by James Chadwick in 1932)

What are the three classes of elements investigated and compared based on physical properties?

Metals, non-metals, and metalloids

What is meant by the physical property of 'malleability'?

The ability of a material to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets without shattering

What is meant by the physical property of 'ductility'?

The ability of a material to be drawn or stretched into thin wires

What is meant by the physical property of 'lustre'?

The way a material reflects light; metals typically have a shiny lustre

What is electrical conductivity?

The measure of how easily electric current flows through a material

What is thermal conductivity?

The measure of how readily heat energy is transferred through a material

How do metals generally compare to non-metals in electrical conductivity?

Metals are good electrical conductors, whereas non-metals are electrical insulators (poor conductors)

Which non-metal is an exception that conducts electricity?

Carbon in the form of graphite

How do solid non-metals typically behave when struck with a hammer?

They are brittle and break or shatter into pieces

What is a metalloid?

An element that has physical and chemical properties intermediate between those of metals and non-metals

Give an example of a metalloid element.

Silicon (or Boron, Germanium, Arsenic)

What is a defining electrical property of many metalloids such as silicon?

They are semi-conductors (conduct electricity under certain conditions)

What is an alloy?

A mixture of a metal with one or more other elements (metals or non-metals) to improve its properties

Give an example of a common alloy and its constituent elements.

Steel (iron and carbon) or Brass (copper and zinc) or Bronze (copper and tin)

Why is copper commonly used in household electrical wiring?

Because it is highly ductile and has excellent electrical conductivity

Why is aluminium used for drink cans and aircraft bodies?

Because of its low density (lightweight), malleability, and resistance to corrosion

Why is gold commonly used in jewellery and high-end electronics?

It has high lustre, does not corrode or tarnish (chemically inert), and is highly malleable and conductive

Why is tungsten used in traditional incandescent light bulb filaments?

It has an extremely high melting point and can withstand high temperatures without melting

What two factors influence the practical uses of metals, alloys, and compounds?

Their properties and their availability

How are elements ordered horizontally in the modern periodic table?

In periods, ordered by increasing atomic number

What is a vertical column in the periodic table called?

A group

What is a horizontal row in the periodic table called?

A period

Why do elements in the same group of the periodic table share similar chemical properties?

They have the same number of valence (outer shell) electrons

What trend in metallic character occurs across a period from left to right?

Metallic character decreases (elements change from metals to metalloids to non-metals)

Where on the periodic table are non-metals primarily located?

On the upper right side (plus Hydrogen on the top left)

Where on the periodic table are metals located?

On the left side and throughout the centre and lower sections

What general trend in reactivity occurs descending Group 1 (alkali metals)?

Reactivity increases down the group

What general trend in reactivity occurs descending Group 17 (halogens)?

Reactivity decreases down the group

What is the common group name for Group 1 elements?

Alkali metals

What is the common group name for Group 2 elements?

Alkaline earth metals

What is the common group name for Group 17 elements?

Halogens

What is the common group name for Group 18 elements?

Noble gases (or inert gases)

Why are Group 18 noble gases exceptionally unreactive?

They have full outer electron shells, providing high electronic stability

What is the chemical symbol for Hydrogen?

H

What is the chemical symbol for Helium?

He

What is the chemical symbol for Lithium?

Li

What is the chemical symbol for Beryllium?

Be

What is the chemical symbol for Boron?

B

What is the chemical symbol for Carbon?

C

What is the chemical symbol for Nitrogen?

N

What is the chemical symbol for Oxygen?

O

What is the chemical symbol for Fluorine?

F

What is the chemical symbol for Neon?

Ne

What is the chemical symbol for Sodium?

Na

What is the chemical symbol for Magnesium?

Mg

What is the chemical symbol for Aluminium?

Al

What is the chemical symbol for Silicon?

Si

What is the chemical symbol for Phosphorus?

P

What is the chemical symbol for Sulfur?

S

What is the chemical symbol for Chlorine?

Cl

What is the chemical symbol for Argon?

Ar

What is the atomic number of Hydrogen ($\text{H}$)?

$$1$$

What is the atomic number of Helium ($\text{He}$)?

$$2$$

What is the atomic number of Lithium ($\text{Li}$)?

$$3$$

What is the atomic number of Beryllium ($\text{Be}$)?

$$4$$

What is the atomic number of Boron ($\text{B}$)?

$$5$$

What is the atomic number of Carbon ($\text{C}$)?

$$6$$

What is the atomic number of Nitrogen ($\text{N}$)?

$$7$$

What is the atomic number of Oxygen ($\text{O}$)?

$$8$$

What is the atomic number of Fluorine ($\text{F}$)?

$$9$$

What is the atomic number of Neon ($\text{Ne}$)?

$$10$$

What is the atomic number of Sodium ($\text{Na}$)?

$$11$$

What is the atomic number of Magnesium ($\text{Mg}$)?

$$12$$

What is the atomic number of Aluminium ($\text{Al}$)?

$$13$$

What is the atomic number of Silicon ($\text{Si}$)?

$$14$$

What is the atomic number of Phosphorus ($\text{P}$)?

$$15$$

What is the atomic number of Sulfur ($\text{S}$)?

$$16$$

What is the atomic number of Chlorine ($\text{Cl}$)?

$$17$$

What is the atomic number of Argon ($\text{Ar}$)?

$$18$$

How many elements must students specifically model the atomic structure for according to the syllabus content?

The first 18 elements

What fundamental change occurs to atomic structure as atomic number increases across elements?

Each successive element gains one additional proton in its nucleus and one additional electron in its electron shells

What is the maximum electron capacity of the first electron shell?

$2$ electrons

What is the maximum electron capacity of the second electron shell for the first 18 elements?

$8$ electrons

What is the maximum electron capacity of the third electron shell for elements up to Argon ($Z=18$)?

$8$ electrons

What is the electron configuration of Lithium ($Z=3$)?

2, 1

What is the electron configuration of Carbon ($Z=6$)?

2, 4

What is the electron configuration of Nitrogen ($Z=7$)?

2, 5

What is the electron configuration of Oxygen ($Z=8$)?

2, 6

What is the electron configuration of Neon ($Z=10$)?

2, 8

What is the electron configuration of Sodium ($Z=11$)?

2, 8, 1

What is the electron configuration of Magnesium ($Z=12$)?

2, 8, 2

What is the electron configuration of Aluminium ($Z=13$)?

2, 8, 3

What is the electron configuration of Silicon ($Z=14$)?

2, 8, 4

What is the electron configuration of Phosphorus ($Z=15$)?

2, 8, 5

What is the electron configuration of Sulfur ($Z=16$)?

2, 8, 6

What is the electron configuration of Chlorine ($Z=17$)?

2, 8, 7

What is the electron configuration of Argon ($Z=18$)?

2, 8, 8

What elements make up water ($\text{H}_2\text{O}$)?

Hydrogen and Oxygen

What elements make up carbon dioxide ($\text{CO}_2$)?

Carbon and Oxygen