AP World Unit 1

What drives trade?

The uneven distribution of resources created by the environment

What effects did trade have?

Spread religion, technology, disease, plants, culture, animals, allowed social mobility, wealth from control was a motive for creating and sustaining states

Ex: Chinese merchants could purchase land and become gentry

What characteristics did outer Eurasian civilizations(India, China, Byzantium) share?

They were settled ag. regions, produced goods “manufactured” goods and products, fruitful environment

Ex: Textiles

What characteristics did inner Eurasian civilizations share?

Tended to be nomadic pastoralists, came from tougher regions, mainly delt in horses, furs, hides

What technology made animals more useful?

Saddles, yokes, and stirrups

What were that main types of goods traded on the Silk Roads, and why?

Luxury goods; Central Asia was harsh, making trips across it drawn out and risky, and thus, costly. Only easily movable, valuable objects justified the trip.

What was the main good traded along the Silk Roads?

Chinese silk; made by rural Chinese women.

What did Silk become associated with?

The religions of Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam. It was often gifted to, worn, or used by church’s and monks.

What civilization dominated the early Central Asian Silk Roads?

The Sogdians; they provided a common language and translated, dominated through 1000 C.E.

What made Buddhism attractive to outsiders?

• link to prosperous India

• monasteries along the Silk Roads served as friendly resting places

• slow to spread outside of cities; nomads lacked written language and monastery access.

What affect did increased trade participation have on Buddhism?

Took on aspects of other cultures, and became more earning focused.

Ex: Monasteries wealthy from gifts

Ex: Presence of Zoroastrian fire rituals in Samarkind, Buddha statues with Greeko/Roman design

What unintended effect did trade have?

Spread disease among previously isolated communities; was a major destabilizing factor in the Han and Roman empires, and slaughtered many natives in America

What made the Sea Roads cheaper?

They had lower transport costs, more room, and could carry heavier items and bulk goods

Ex: Textiles, paper, timber, rice, sugar, wheat

What drove the Indian Ocean(Sea Roads) trade?

Technological advances:

• The Arab dhow and Chinese junk

• New methods of calculating longitude and latitude

• BETTER MONSOON KNOWLEDGE(Southwest in the winter, Northeast in the summer)

What was the importance of India in the Indian Ocean trade?

Traded with both sides, settled merchants in Southeast Asia, and Alexandria, diffused culture as they were trapped for months waiting for the monsoons

What was Islam’s trade significance?

Provided merchant friendly religion and commonality with others across the worl

What effects did Indian Ocean trade have on Southeast Asia?

Was a natural choke point between India and China; stimulated the rise of states, and diffused Indian culture

Ex: Sanskrit writing, political idea of god-kings, Buddhist practices adopted, mixed with local traditions(women kept power)

What effects did Indian Ocean Trade have on the Swahili Coast?

They adopted Islam, developed highly competitive, urbanized city-states with class stratification; accumulated interior goods for foreign products

What facilitated trans-Saharan trade?

The Arabian camel, from Arabs in North Africa, which could go up to 10 days without water and allowed regular passage across the Saharan desert.

What was the main trade on the Sand Roads?

Gold and slaves from West Africa for salt in North Africa; Mali gold monopoly made very rich, Islam made center of religious learning, saw slight division between men and women.

What prevented large scale trade in the Americas?

North-South orientation, differing climates, the absence of large animals like donkeys, camels, and large sea vessels, geography(bottleneck of Panama, mountainous)

What was the main difference between Aztec and Inca trade?

Aztec trade was private, done by Pochtecas, a merchant class, and Inca trade was state run, with goods kept in massive storehouses

What did the 220 C.E collapse of the Han lead to?

300 years of warring families and nomad incursions, discredited Confucianism

Where did the Chinese become concentrated after the Han collapse?

60% migrated south of the Yangtze, increasing agriculture, destroying forests and driving out elephants

What did the Sui dynasty do?

Brought prosperity and unity by extending the canal system, lost power with failed Korea campaign, alienating the people and exhausting resources, promoting rebelliion

What was the Tang dynasty known for?

Poetry, landscapes, ceramics

Under which dynasty did Neo-Confucianism emerge?

The Song; incorporated aspects of Buddhism and Daoism

What was the significance of the Chinese exam system?

Allowed common people to gain more prominent positions; equity questioned, as only richer people had the time and money to study, and with more positions than people, high scoring peasants sometimes weren’t offered positions

What innovations aided China’s economic revolution and subsequent population boom?

Terrace farming and a Vietnamese strand of fast-growing, drought resistant rice.

What tech innovations came out of China during this time?

Printing, movable type, shipbuilding, navigation, gunpowder, silk making, compasses, the junk

What are some of China’s economic achievements?

Paper money, canal transport, basic banking

What happened to women under the Song?

Became more suppressed, like in the Han dynasty; the practice of foot binding arose, and rapid commercialization removed women from the lucrative parts of silkmaking, but also opened up jobs in dressmaking, restaurants, and food stalls

What was different about women’s life under the Tang?

More freedom from the influence of nomads

Why did the nomads keep going after China?

Needed their agriculture and grain, and wanted luxury goods like wine and silk, also threatened by trade refusals and military incursions.

What did China need from the nomads?

Military horses, furs, hides, amber, also controlled much of the Silk Road

What was the tribute system?

It was a product of Chinese feelings of superiority; required other states to send envoys to acknowledge subservience and bring gifts in exchange for lavish gifts and trade, hid reality of occasionally competitive nomads

Ex. Xiongnu and Uyghers

What impact did China have on the nomads?

Not huge; Chinese style agriculture was impossible, but the desire for luxury goods created some mixing

How did Chinese culture diffuse to Korea?

Early colonization and conquest by the Han spread some ideas, like women’s rights, but a lot occurred because of the tribute system.

When did the Chinese establish the tribute system in Korea?

During the Tang dynasty, the Silla united with the Tang, but Tang assimilation attempts resulted in the Silla driving them out, but establishing the tribute system for trade

What effects did China have on Korean politics?

• modeled their court life after China

• Used the mandate of heaven

• Kumsong modeled after Chang’an

• Some use of the exam system, elite still dominated the bureaucracy

What effects did China have on Korean culture?

• Women’s rights became restricted: couldn’t dance and sing at night, widows became even more restricted than China, no free choice marriage, patrilocality

• Students learned Confucianism, arts, and sciences in China; monks brought over Buddhist texts

What was significant about the development of Hangul?

Represented Korean culture; some characters similar. Women liked, elite men didn't

To what extent did China diffuse to Vietnam?

Mostly among the elite, distinct features of Vietnamese culture were maintained; the popular culture didn’t really change

e.g., cockfighting, betel nuts, women’s status, female Buddha, nature deities, the language

What caused Chinese diffusion to Vietnam?

Chinese conquered the Red River Valley, and lots of displaced Chinese people came, creating an elite class that despised the locals.

What political effects did China have on Vietnam?

• Adopted the Chinese mandate of heaven

• modeled capital after Chang’an

• Had emperors

• same system of government and court rituals

What was different about sinification in Japan?

Japan was never conquered; all diffusion was voluntary

What effects did sinification have on Japanese culture?

• Buddhism and Confucianism spread, never replaced Shinto

• Monks, scholars, and students traveled frequently to China

• Women maintained rights; tolerant Tang influence?

What effects did sinification have on politics in Japan?

• Adopted court rituals and admin techniques

• mandate of heaven

• Emperor, tax system, laws, government ministers

• Modeled Heian-kyō and Nara after Chang’an

Daimyo

Local warlords; Japan fragmented by mountains and islands, lots of small, warring clans, reason centralized government never worked

Samuri

Warrior class created from peasants; oath to Daimyo replaced women’s marriage importance and power, fall of status; followed code of loyalty called bushido and committed seppuku, ritual suicide

What role did China play in global commerce?

• Major driver of spice trade; Indonesia dependent on them

• Adopted vietnam’s fast growing rice strain

• learned sugar cultivation and processing from India

What were the main inventions coming out of China?

• Silk, paper making

• printing(aided by Buddhist practice of replicating holy texts), disliked by Islam because of love of calligraphy, slow in Europe because of lack of paper

• gunpowder, foundation of cannons

• porcelain

• laqquerware

What outside things had the greatest effect on China?

• Indian Ocean trade; brought foreign communities, lifted China from subsistence, promoted merchant acceptance

• Buddhism

Buddhism In China

• Became popular in the turbulent warring state period when Confucianism was discredited

• Monasteries that provided services, e.g., charity, seed, treating silk, teaching literacy, “miracles”

• State support made them very wealthy; they were resented in the lean times and for environmental damage

• foreign general rebellion finished off, China became increasingly xenophobic after(Tang)

What was advantageous about Muhammed’s birth circumstances?

Born in Mecca, nephew of Bedouin Quraysh tribe chief; sent to live with, stayed when parents died, gave sympathy for outcasts, later offered protection, born in area with lots of diversity in religion

What was important about Mecca?

Was central between Persia, Byzantium, India, and Africa, close to major incense trade routes, and housed the Kabba, religious center of Bedouin tribes, built by Abraham, housing pagan idols.

What was Mohammad’s job?

He was a merchant; he also married a merchant, Hadija, and had 6 kids with her, which is part of the reason why Islam is so merchant friendly.

What was attractive about Muhammed’s message?

Emphasized equality and laid out steps for it; the poor liked, was very poetic, which appealed to Bedouin tribes who valued that, and was similar to other monotheistic faiths, and very tolerant

What was Mohammed’s core message?

There is only one god, and all are spiritually equal

What led to the emphasis on calligraphy?

It was believed that only god’s word was a favorable representation of him, and images of him and Muhammed were not aloud because they weren’t faithful, so calligraphy

Why did Mohammed have so many enemies?

He condemned the social stratification and unethical business practices of Mecca and promoted the idea of life after death, while rejecting the people’s current beliefs

What caused Muhammad to flee to Yathrib?

His uncle died, and he lost his protection; because of his reputation as a mediator after solving a debacle with a rock, they invited him so he could escape persecution

What was Muhammad’s trip to Yathrib called, and what did Yathrib become known as?

Hirja(622), and Medina

What were some of Muhammad’s unusual policies in Medina?

He supported the poor, had a tax free market, was tolerant of religion and outsiders.

How did Muhammad grow his army?

His repeated defeats of larger forces were seen as miracles, promoting conversion and drawing more people

What was shocking about Muhammad’s conquering of Mecca?

He didn’t take vengeance on the people; he destroyed all the idols in the Kaaba and then brought all the tribes together.

What is Jihad?

The concept of suffering against “demons” in the pursuit of Islam, usually meant internally, only used externally if persecuted for religion

What is the umma?

The unified community of all Muslims

What are the five pillars of Islam?

There is no god but God, Muhammad is his messenger, pray 5 times a day, give alms to the poor, go on Hajj to Mecca if you can

What is the unspoken 6th pillar of Islam?

Jihad; suffer against greed and selfishness

Where did the Arabs conquer?

The Persian Sassanids, who were weak from rivalry and plague, defeated the Chinese and stalled their expansion, took south Byzantium, the land around the Mediterranean, North Africa, and Spain

Why did the empire want to expand?

Merchants wanted more trade control and profitable agriculture regions, the common people wanted the social mobility of war, and the leaders need a cause to keep the umma united after Muhammad’s death

Who were the Sufis?

They viewed Sharia as useful for daily life, but thought that it wasn’t useful for getting close to God; you needed to disconnect yourself from worldly things to do that. Had a tendency to become very drunk because of that.

Who were the ulama?

Religious scholars who served as authorities for Islam and developed the Sharia

What was the Sharia?

Religious law developed by the ulama that all Muslims were supposed to live by. Dictated everyday life.

What was the Muslim attitude to those of different religion?

Tolerant; they didn’t force conversion and sometimes allowed them to hold office, but forms of discrimination did take place, and all paid the Jizya

What was the Jizya?

A tax imposed on non-Muslims living in the Arab empire

Why did many foreigners under Arab rule undergo social conversion?

They were able to avoid the Jizya, their native power was called into question by Muslim conquest, they had easier elections, and it was commerce friendly

What is the difference between Sunni and Shia?

Happened because of caliph succession doubts; Sunni’s thought any good Muslim could be the caliph, while Shia believed it should be a descendant of Muhammad’s bloodline, who would have more religious authority

Ummayad Caliphate

• Clan of assassinated 3rd Caliph

• Didn’t believe Ali handled assignation punishments properly, started civil war

• led to Sunni/Shia split

• Capital at Damascus

• Overthrown by Abbasids

Abbasid Caliphate

• Began to split power among local government and military leaders, sultanates

• Slowly became divided

Mullahs

Men of learning, often local clerics, women could have title

Women’s status in the Muslim World

• Viewed as spiritually equal, bot not socially

• Infanticide outlawed

• Had property

• ½ inheritance rights of men

• Marriage had to be mutual, both could divorce

• Worsened overtime; more because of local traditions rather than Islam

Islam in India

• Brought about by the violent invasion of Central Asian Turks

• Minority; too few Turks, with too much infighting

• Most converts were disillusioned Buddhists, low-caste Hindu’s and unmentionables who liked the message of equality

• Sufis helped; god-filled men; the thing was liked; also living modestly, tolerant, helped create a popular Islam

• Really big divide between religions; Sikhism created

Islam in Anatolia

• Very violent invasions of Central Asian Turks

• finished off the byzantines

• decimated the native population. with famines, massacres, and flight

• Islam diffused heavily; 90% became Turkish-speaking quickly, Turkish kind of Islam

• Christians were discriminated against; paid Jizya, couldn’t have horses or weapons, had to wear special clothing; loved converts though

• Destruction of the centralized church made Islam more attractive; better with decentralization

• Sufis helped, creating a popular Islam, replacing certain infrastructure

Islam in the Sahara

• Diffused by trade, from North African merchants to West Africa

• Link to commerce, religious prestige from hajj

• Only in Urban elite; rulers were then very tolerant, needed common people to

• Woman’s rights mixed depending on status and religion

Spain and Islam

• Conquered by Berbers and Arabs

• Prosperous agriculture, a very tolerant utopia for a short time

• 78% Muslim, others assimilated in some way, like veiling women

• Tensions exploded, Christians and Jews were outlawed and persecuted

• Became very strictly Orthodox Muslim

What was the significance of the Sufis?

• Very tolerant people

• Often helped blend Islam into local culture or vice versa

• Often created popular versions of Islam

• Had vest networks under teachers, spread inventions, like hospitals

Dark Ages

• First 500 years after Rome fell

• Warring Germanic kingdoms

• less learning, cities declined, roads in disrepair, bartering returned

• Small, decentralized states

Charles Martel

• Frank

• Conquered Spain

• Started Carolingian dynasty

• kept power through pope legitimization

Charlamagne

• Grandson of Charles Martel

• Defeated Saxons

• Encouraged church and education

• Had regional administration

Vikings(Scandanavians)

• Came by longboat, had water advantage

• Connected to Constantinople and the Arabs through rivers and the Mediterranean Sea

Role of the Church

• very influential

• literate

• first universities

• could pressure lords

William of Normandy

• From Normandy, France

• used loose relation to the king to claim throne after death without an heir, conquered Britain

• Started 100 year war over ownership of old land in France

• organized feudal system

• standardized law codes

Magna Carta

• Document restricting monarchs and parliments power

• increased nobles freedom

• Led to creation of house of lords, for church hierarchy and nobles, and house of Commons, for wealthy townspeople

High Middle Ages

• Increased trade from the Crusades

• weakening feudalism

• Women’s rights decreased

• Education decreased

• no equality

• churches kept learning alive

Crusades

• Caused by Seljuk Turk takeover of Holy lands, surplus of second noble sons, the church reaching for influence, and merchant desire for trade

• 1st only successful; retook, but then lost

• 4th racked up travel debt in Venice, then ended up sacking Constantinople

• Foundation of Renaissance; brought knowledge of the wider world, created demand for Eastern goods, united Catholic church

Scholasticism

Attempt to combine Aristotle and Christianity

Renaissance

• More trade

• ag. surplus

• growing middle class

• emergence of Humanism

• more arts

• more secular

• seen as a new era by wealthy lords, away from religious dependency

Byzantium

• Theocracy, centralized, imperial, proselytic

• Capital at Constantinople; very wealthy, lavish aristocracy homes, huge palace, baths, restraunts, taverns

• More powerful half of the Roman Empire

• Sent out many missonareis, Cyril the most famous

• Strong economy; silk, ag prominent; paesent slave trade, tried to regulate with limit on number and military alternative for slaves

• other paesents still paid rent to landowners, main source of taxes revolted when nobles tried to enslave

• arts and education based around christianity

• cost of constant conflict and wealthy taxes uundeniable, military weakened

• Turks and Normans on both side