Biology Exam III

Meristems

Areas of perpetually embryonic tissue make new cells

Apical meristems

Located on the tips of roots and shoot causes primary growth :length

Lateral Meristems

Causes secondary growth, growth, and growth

Single cells and multicellular filaments

What are the two most common body structures of fungi?

Chitin

• What material makes up fungal cell walls?

Thallus

The vegetative, feeding part of a fungus.

Hyphae

Thread-like projections that make up the body of a multicellular fungus.

Septate and Coenocytic

What are the two main structural types of hyphae?

Mycelium

A woven mesh of hyphae, there is so much it is hard to tell where the stop and start is

They are chemoheterotrophs, acting as either saprobes or parasites.

• How do fungi obtain energy and carbon (nutritional mode)?

Saprobes

Fungi that act as decomposers, feeding on dead organic matter.

parasitic fungus

A fungus that lives in or on a host and causes harm to that host.

• Corn smut on corn

• Tar spot fungus on maple leaves

• Ergots on rye

• Name 3 examples of parasitic fungi on plants.

Mycorrhizae

Mutualistic relationships between fungi and plant roots.

Lichen

A symbiotic relationship between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus (usually from the phylum Ascomycota).

• 1N = Haploid

• 2N = Diploid

What chromosome ploidy states are represented by 1N and 2N?

ASexual reproduction

A haploid (1N) mycelium produces haploid spores.

Conidia

Asexually produced fungal spores, 1N asexual spores that are genetically identical to parent

Conidiophore

The specialized hyphal structure that produces conidia (asexual spores) everything is done by mitosis

It produces conidia (asexual spores) on conidiophores.

• How does Penicillium reproduce asexually?

  
  

Septate

Fungal hyphae that are divided into distinct cellular compartments by internal cross-walls (called septa)

Coenocytic

Fungal hyphae consisting of a continuous, elongated tube that lacks internal cross-walls, resulting in a single continuous mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei shared throughout.

Sexual reproduction in fungi

Features a brief diploid (2N) nucleus stage.

Plasmogamy

The fusion of two individual plasma membranes.

Karyogamy

The fusion of nuclei (1N + 1N = 2N). Meiosis halves it after.

Plasogamy—> Karyogamy—>Meiosis

Reproduction in fungi (3 steps)

HeterokaryotiC

Diploid

Haploid

What are the following in sexual reproduction in fungi

Plasmogamy

Karyogamy

Meiosis

Zygote, zygospore, and gametangia.

3 Structures for Fungi Sex

Isogametes

Mating strains.

Ascus

The location of karyogamy and meiosis; produces ascospores.

Asocarp

The fruiting body housing developed asci.

Penicillium roqueforti

Used to make cheese; notable for a rake-like pattern of asexual conidiophores.

Penicillium

Inhibits the growth of the bacterium Staphylococcus

Morchella esculenta

The tasty morel.

Tuber melanosporum

A truffle

Zygosporangium

A protective structure that serves as the location of karyogamy and meiosis.

Sporangium

Produces 1N spores.

Rhizopus stolonifer

Black bread mold (an example of Phylum Zygomycota)

Mucor

A type of mold belonging to Phylum Zygomycota.

Pilobolus

A fungus that can propel spores at 50 km/h toward sunlight.

Phylum Chytridiomycota

Characterized by unique flagellated spores and developed earlier than other phyla in kingdom

Phylum Glomeromycota

Helps plants with mycorrhizae and co-developed with land plants.

Phylum Basidiomycota

Has an elaborate fruiting body (Basidiocarp) containing many basidia that produce sexual spores (basidiospores) also known as club fungi

Basidium

The location of karyogamy and meiosis. It is clublike in shape and produces basidiospores.

Basidiocarp

A complex fruiting body that houses basidia.

Single-Celled Fungi Body Structure

Known as yeasts (while the most common structures are multicellular filaments).

Chemoheterotrph

The nutritional mode of all fungi; they obtain energy and carbon by absorbing organic compounds as saprobes or parasites.

Parasites

Organisms that live in or on a host and harm the host.

Corn Smut

A parasitic fungus that grows on corn.

Tar Spot Fungus

A parasitic fungus that grows on maple leaves.

Ergot

A parasitic fungus that grows on rye.

They grow by expanding and lengthening the tips of their threadlike filaments (hyphae).

How do fungi grow?

Fungi are chemoheterotrophs that feed by absorption

How do fungi feed?

• Saprobes:

• Parasites:

• Mutualists:

What are the different methods?

• Mycorrhizae

• Lichens

What are some examples of mutualistic relationships that fungi develop?

Is the main portion of a fungal life cycle haploid (1N) or diploid (2N)?

Haploid

Via mitosis through Conidiophores And Sporangia

Describe fungal asexual processes and terminology. How are asexual spores produced? By what structure?

1. Chytridiomycota

2. Zygomycota

3. Glomeromycota

4. Ascomycota

5. Basidiomycota

What are the 5 phyla of fungi you should know?

Zygomycota

Has a resistant zygosporangium as sexual stage that produces sporangium

Ascomycota

Sexual spores are born internally in sacs called asci

No

Are all fungi multicellular

Step 1

A 1N haploid spore lands and germinated

Step 2

The spore grows into a 1N feeding mycelium. One hypha touches a hypha from another 1N individual.

Step 3

• Two 1N hyphae fuse together in a process called Plasmogamy.

  
  

Step 4

1N + 1N heterokaryotic/dikaryotic stage is produced, which can persist for days to years.

Step 5

The two nuclei fuse during Karyogamy, finishing the math to form a 2N zygote.

Step 6

The 2N zygote undergoes meiosis to create 1N spore-producing structures that release 1N spores.

300,000 species

Multicellular

Nomotile

Photoautotrophs

Basis of many food webs

Name the 5 things about kingdom plantae

Share certain proteins/enzymes

the same flagella structure (when present)

use cell plate formationduring division.

What are the 3 features of homologous plants

Apical meristems

Localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots that allow vertical growth.

Alternation of Generations

A life cycle that alternates between a multicellular gametophyte stage and a multicellular sporophyte stage.

Multicellular Gametangia

Special organs on the gametophyte generation used for producing gametes.

Features multicellular,

dependent embryos

walled spores protected from drying out.

The three features of Embryo & Spore Adaptations for Land Plants

Gametophyte

The haploid (1N), multicellular generation that produces gametes through mitosis.

Sporophyte

The diploid (2N), multicellular generation that produces spores through meiosis.

Archegonia

The female gametangia that make eggs/ova.

Antheridia

The male gametangia that make sperm.

Sporangia

Structures on the sporophyte that undergo meiosis to produce walled 1N spores.

Non vascular plants

Liverworts, mosses, and hornworts.

Vascular plants:Lycophytes

Include club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts.

Vascular Seedless Plants: Monilophytes

Include ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns.

• They are all small and grow low to the ground.

  
  

• Nonvascular Plant Size & Stature

They have no vascular tissue and no true tissues, stems, or leaves.

Nonvascular Plant Structure Limitations

gametophyte

The ______ in non vascular generation is dominant.

Non vascular

The sporophyte is reduced and completely dependent on the dominant gametophyte.

Rhizoid

What do non vascular plants use to anchor themselves

Non vascular

They must have really moist habitats because they possess a biflagellated sperm that must swim to the egg.

Phylum Marchantiophyta

The liverworts (formerly known as Hepatophyta).

Phylum Marchantiophyta

Contains roughly 9,000 species, features oil bodies in cells, and bodies that resemble liver lobes.

Phylum Bryophyta

Contains roughly 15,000 species of mosses Features simple ribbed leaves, a stem-like structure, and multicelled rhizoids for anchoring.(true mosses)

Phylum Anthocerotophyta

The hornworts

Phylum Anthocerotophyta

Contains roughly 100 species, features horn-like sporophytes, slime pores, and chloroplasts fused to other organelles

Moist

What kind of habits do anthocerotophya must have

Vascular seedless plants

Possess true vascular tissue along with true roots, stems, and leaves, allowing them to grow larger to compete for resources.

Vascular seedless plants

They still require moist habitats because they rely on a flagellated sperm that must swim to the egg.

sporophyte

The ______ generation in vascular seedless plants is dominant.

The gametophyte is reduced and grows independently as a prothallus.

what happens to the gameophyte in Vascualr seedless plants

Homosporous

Producing one type of sporangium with one type of spore that grows into a bisexual gametophyte (producing both eggs and sperm).

Heterosporous

Producing two types of sporangia and two types of spores, where each grows into either a strictly male or strictly female gametophyte.

Megasporangium—>Megaspore —→Female gametophyte (Archegonium) ——> Eggs.

Megasporangium Pathway